| 释义 |
herring|ˈhɛrɪŋ|
Forms: α. 1 hǽring, -inc, -ingc, -incg, 1–7 hering, 4–6 heryng(e, 5–6 heeryng, 6 hearyng(e, 6–7 (8–9 dial.) hearing, (5 heirreng, hearrynge, 6 heyring, 7 heerring); β. 5 herryng(e, 6–7 herringe, 6– herring.
[OE. hǽring, héring = OFris. hêreng, EFris häring, -ink, MLG. harink, herink, LG. hering, MDu. harinc, herinc, Du. haring, OHG. hâring, MHG. hærinc, G. häring, hering. The Romanic names, F. hareng, It. aringa, etc. are from OHG.
(The ulterior derivation of the WGer. hâring is uncertain: one conjecture is, ad. L. hālec, changed by popular etymology (Diez). Kluge thinks the OHG. and MHG. variant with short vowel, hęring, was influenced by popular association with OHG. hęri ‘host,’ as if ‘the fish that comes in hosts’; but the shortening of the e in later Eng. (rare before 16th c.) appears to be merely phonetic. The vowel is still long in various dialects.)]
1. a. A well-known sea fish, Clupea harengus, inhabiting the North Atlantic Ocean, and coming near the coast at certain seasons in enormous shoals to spawn. It is an important article of food, and is the object of extensive fisheries on the British, Dutch, and Norwegian coasts. Also applied to other species of Clupea.
Battle of (the) Herrings (F. bataille des harengs), popular name of the battle at Rouvrai, 12 Feb. 1429, fought in defence of a convoy of provisions: see quot. 1548.
αa700Epinal Gloss. 910 Sardinas, heringas. c1000ælfric Colloquy in Wr.-Wülcker 94/13 Hærincgas and leaxas, mereswyn and stirian. a1100Ags. Voc. ibid. 319/13 Taricus, uel allec, hærinc. 12..Charter of ælfwig (dated 1060–66) in Cod. Dipl. IV. 172, vi. merswin and .xxx. þusenda hæryngys ælce eare. c1300Havelok 758 Keling he tok, and tumberel, Hering, and the makerel. a1400Eng. Gilds (1870) 354 Euerych sellere of herynge in þe lente. c1440Promp. Parv. 237/1 Heerynge, fisshe. 1477in Surtees Misc. (1888) 27 Heirreng for iiij a penny. 1512Nottingham Rec. III. 340 He sold his heyring at his plesure. 1535Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 3 Fisher men..vse commonly to conducte and conuey their hearing sprottes and other fyshe to..Kyngstone. 1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 106 This conflict (because the most part of the cariage was heryng and lenten stuffe) the Frenchmen cal, the..battail of herynges. 1617Moryson Itin ii. 206 Two hearings every fish day. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia i. 10 All Herings in abundance. c1790Lady Nairne Song ‘Caller Herrin'’, Who'll buy my caller herrin' [Sc. hairin']? They're no brought here without brave darin' [other rimes farin', despairin']. 1828Craven Dial., Heering, Hearing.
β1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xviii. xxi. (1495) 781 It is sayd that the camelion lyueth oonly by ayre..the herryng by water. 1472Surtees Misc. (1888) 23 Feche & herrynge. 1570Levins Manip. 136/19 Herring, halec. 1665Surv. Aff. Netherl. 111 Our Fish, especially our Herring, being..of general use for food throughout Europe. 1720De Foe Capt. Singleton xiii. (1840) 231 The majority..were for pickling up the poor Dutchmen among the herrings; in a word,..for throwing them all into the sea. 1880Günther Fishes 659 Clupea mirabilis.—The Herring of the North Pacific.
b. With qualifications, expressing the condition of the fish, or the way in which it is cured.
black herring, a kind of cured herring. fat herring: see fat a. 2 f. kippered h., = kipper, q.v. mazy h., the highest brand of herring, which are full of roe. red h., a herring having a red colour from being cured by smoking; also fig.: see red herring. round shore-h., herring salted just as they come from the water. split h., gutted herring cured and packed for the market. white h., (a) fresh herring; (b) herring salted but not smoked. white-salted h., herring cured according to the French method by gutting and packing in a thick brine, in which they stand until they are finally packed in fresh lime and salt. (See also bloated ppl. a.1, corved, crux, full a. 1 e, green a., shotten a.)
c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 54 Cover þy white heryng..þen cover red heryng and set abufe. 1469Househ. Ord. (1790) 102 White herringes a laste, that is to say xij barrelles. 1538Bale Thre Lawes 1566 They loue no pese porrege nor yet reade hearynges in lent. 1605Shakes. Lear iii. vi. 32 Hopdance cries in Tom's belly for two white herring. 1617Moryson Itin. iii. 148 The English export into Italy great quantity of red Herrings. 1722Lond. Gaz. No. 6040/1 Salt used in the curing and making of White-Herrings. 1831Sir J. Sinclair Corr. II. 397, I begged him to give orders to send me some barrels of red herrings, caught and cured in Scotland. 1883Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 72 Cured fish of various kinds—Black Herrings, Red Herrings, Kippers, Bloaters. 1888Argosy 278 Fresh or white herrings, as they are called on the Norfolk coast, should be broiled.
c. Applied, with qualifications, to other fishes of the family Clupeidæ, or resembling them.
branch herring, the alewife, Clupea vernalis. California h., a species inhabiting the North Pacific, C. mirabilis. crake h., the scad. fall h., C. mediocris. freshwater h., the pollan, a variety of whitefish found in the loughs of Ireland, Coregonus pollan. garvie-h.: see garvie. lake h., the cisco, Coregonus hoyi, which abounds in Lake Ontario. Ohio h., the skipjack, Clupea chrysochloris. rock h., a species of shad, Alosa fixta. round h., Etrumeus sadina. toothed h., the mooneye, Hyodon clodalus. Also king of the herrings, Chimæra monstrosa; also a species of ribbon-fish, Regalecus glesne. mother or queen of the herrings, the allise-shad, Alosa vulgaris.
1686Ray & Willughby Hist. Pisc. ix. ix. §9 Clupea..Angl. A Shad, the Mother of the Herrings. 1836Yarrell Brit. Fishes II. 364 Northern Chimæra. King of the Herrings..is generally taken when in pursuit of shoals of Herrings. 1861Couch Brit. Fishes II. 138 Crake Herring, Scad (North of Ireland) Trichurus vulgaris. 1865Ibid. IV. 292 An attempt to obtain examples of the Pollan in Ireland was met with the reply that no fish was known by that name, although..it was discovered that the Fresh⁓water Herring was familiarly known to every one.
2. Proverbial phrases. † neither (no) barrel better herring, never a barrel the (a) better h.: i.e. never one better than another, nothing to choose between them: see barrel 4. neither fish, flesh, nor good red h.: see fish n.1 4 c. dead as a h.: see dead a. 32 b. I like not barrel or h.: I dislike the whole of it. every h. should hang by its own head, gills, neck, tail: every one should stand on his own merits (local). Also thick as herrings (i.e. in shoals); like herrings in a barrel; as thin as a herring.
1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 84 A foule olde riche widowe, whether wed would ye, Or a yonge fayre mayde, beyng poore as ye be? In neither barrell better hearyng (quoth hee). 1583Stanyhurst æneis ii. (Arb.) 45 For a ful reckning, I lyk not barrel or hearing. 1639J. Clarke Paroemiologia Anglo-Latina 20 Every herring must hang by th' owne gill. 1672W. Walker Parœmiologia Anglo-Latina 23/1 Every herring must hang by its own neck; gill. 1674tr. Martiniere's Voy. N. Countries 127 There was never a Barrel better Herring, one as rich and ill favoured as the other. 1694T. D'Urfey Comical Hist. D. Quixote I. iii. ii. 32 Let not the fault of the Ass be laid upon the Pack-Saddle, every Herring must hang by its own tail. 1721J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scot. Prov. 240 Let every Herring hing by its own Head. 1795Wolcott (P. Pindar) Pindariana Wks. 1812 IV. 234 Virtues thick as Herrings in their souls. 1818Scott Rob Roy xxvi, ‘Na, na! let every herring hing by its ain head.’ 1824Carlyle in Froude Life (1882) I. 262 It is the law in Yarmouth that every herring hang by its own head. 1890Hall Caine Bondman ii. ii, Adam, thinking as little of pride, said No, that every herring should hang by its own gills. 1891N. Gould Double Event 117 (Farmer) People jammed inside like herrings in a barrel.
3. attrib. and Comb.
a. General combs.: as herring-barrel, herring-boat, herring-curer, herring-fisher, herring-fishery, herring-fleet, herring-fry, herring-harvest, herring-lugger, herring-monger, herring-net, herring-pie, herring-scale, herring-season, herring spawn, herring-time, herring-tub; herring-sized adj.
1420Inv. in Linc. Chapt. Acc. Bk. A. 2. 30. lf. 69, 2d *heryngbarelles. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 466 And the Mast was one Cane as bigge as a Herring-Barrell. 1818Scott Rob Roy xxvii, He wadna for a' the herring-barrels in Glasgow [etc.].
a1856H. Miller Cruise Betsey vi. (1858) 99 A fleet of *herring-boats lay moored beside them.
1615E. S. Brit. Buss in Arb. Garner III. 625 The charge of one hundred Last of *herring casks or barrels.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Herring-curer, a gutter and salter of herrings.
1765J. Brown Chr. Jrnl. (1814) 206 No *herring-drove, but a storm approacheth.
1704Lond. Gaz. No. 4058/5 The Sorlings went off to the *Herring-Fishers.
1615E. S. Brit. Buss in Arb. Garner III. 625 Upon conference with some experienced in this *herring fishery. 1838Penny Cycl. X. 286/2 The principal herring-fishery off the coast of Norfolk and Suffolk commences in September and ends in the beginning of December.
1889Edna Lyall Hardy Norseman iv. 39 We shall have the *herring-fleet back from Iceland before many days.
1591Percivall Sp. Dict., Anchova, *hering frie, halecula. 1865H. H. Dixon Field & Fern iv. 65 Even the mild porpoise..is busy chasing the herring-fry.
1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe 54 Backe returned the Caterer..and powred downe the *herring merchant his hundred ducats.
1614Eng. way to Wealth in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) III. 242 The *herring-mongers of Yarmouth.
1535Aberdeen Reg. V. 15 (Jam.) Ane *harein nett. 1615E. S. Brit. Buss in Arb. Garner III. 625 The particulars of her herring-nets, and of the warropes and other ropes, cords, and lines.
1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe 71 Euery yeare about Lent-tide, the sherifes of Norwich take certayne *herring pies..and send them as a homage. 1778Eng. Gazetteer (ed. 2) s.v. Norwich, The sheriffs are obliged by their charter to present the King with 12 herring-pies yearly. 1906Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 11 Jan. 3/4 The practice of using *herring spawn..has been the habit of the Indians all over British Columbia for many years. 1972Guardian 1 Apr. 7/8 Herring spawn is relatively vulnerable and relatively few survive.
1039in Earle Land-charters 297 And hæfde hit him wel neh twelf monað and tweᵹen *hæringc timan.
b. Special combs.: herring-brook = herring-pond; herring choker slang, (a) Canad., a nickname for a native or inhabitant of the Maritime Provinces; (b) U.S., a Scandinavian; herring-cooper: see quot.; herring-drift: see drift 11 b; herring-gull, a species of gull, Larus argentatus, which follows herring-shoals and preys upon them; herring-gutted a., having a narrow, thin body like a herring; † herring-hang, a building in which herrings are hung to cure; herring-hog (dial.), the grampus; herring-king = king of the herrings (see 1 c); herring-man, a man engaged in the herring-fishery; herring-pike, a fish of the group Clupesoces; herring-salmon, a name of N. American species of Coregonus; herring-silver (see quot.); herring-wife, a woman who sells herrings; herring-work, herring-bone work (Ogilvie).
1810Naval Chron. XXIV. 451 Unknown on this side the *herring-brook.
1899Yarmouth Telegram (Nova Scotia) 20 Oct. 1/1, I am down among the ‘*herring chokers’ and ‘blue noses’ for a few weeks. Ibid., Happy the wearied globe-trotter and denizen of the ‘herring chokers’ of Nova Scotia. 1944H. Wentworth Amer. Dial. Dict. 290/1 Herring-choker. 1. A Prince-Edward-Islander, or native of any of the Provinces ‘down east’. 2. A Scandinavian. 1954Fundy Fisherman (Black's Harbour, N.B.) 3 Mar. 4/4 These Herring Choker senators point out that Duplessis has already peddled a lot of horse power to Ontario and indeed is selling plenty to Premier Frost et al. right now. 1968Word Study Dec. 3/2 The Roman Catholic is frequently called a fish, short for fish-eater... Similar is the term herring-choker, another name for a Scandinavian.
1892Labour Commission Gloss., *Herring Coopers, who make the casks in which herrings are packed.
1851Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. II. 514 *Herring-drift, 18 feet deep, 11 fathoms long.
1857Chambers' Inform. I. 709/1 Arctic gulls, whose plumage differs from that of the *herring-gull. 1892Daily News 13 Dec. 4/8 The herring-gull—the pirate of the sea.
1726Arbuthnot Diss. Dumpling 9 Meagre, *Herring-gutted Wretches. 1811Sporting Mag. 38 Lank-jawed, herring-gutted plebeans.
1682J. Collins Salt & Fishery 106 They are hanged up in the *Herring-Hangs, or Red-Herring Houses.
c1640J. Smyth Hundred of Berkeley (1885) 319 The Sturgeon, Porpoise, Thornpole..the *herringe hogge. 1674J. Josselyn Voy. New Eng. 10 We saw many Grandpisces or Herring-hogs, hunting the scholes of Herrings.
1884Day in Fisheries Exhib. Lit. II. 165 The genus Chimæra..as it makes raids upon the Herrings, it is called the ‘*Herring King’.
a1568R. Ascham Scholem. (Arb.) 152 Not much vnlike the fisher men of Rye, and *Hering men of Yarmouth. 1633Ames Agst. Cerem. Pref. 28 Its a hard world, when heerring men revile fisher⁓men.
1836Richardson Fishes 180 The *Herring salmon forms its [the namaycush's] principal food in Lake Huron.
1706Phillips *Herring-silver, Money formerly paid as an Equivalent for the Custom of giving a certain Quantity of Herrings for the Provision of a Religious House.
1611Cotgr., Harengiere, a *Herring-wife; a woman that cries, or sells Herrings.
Hence herring v. trans., to manure with herring.
1880Goode & Atwater Hist. Menhaden 249 (Cent.) In Maine they talk of land that has been herringed to death. |