| 释义 |
pipkrake Geomorphol.|ˈpɪpkreɪk, -krɑːkə|
Pl. -krakes, -kraker.
[a. Sw. dial pipkrake, f. pip pipe n.1 + krake, dial. by-form of klake (hardness and roughness of) frozen ground (= Norw. klake, Da. klage, Icel. klaki).]
a. One of the ice-needles in needle ice.
b. = needle ice s.v. needle n. 14.
1956Biuletyn Peryglacjalny IV. 167 Bunt also noticed the formation of ice palisades (pipkrakes) in the hollows and ascribes the removal of fine material from the hollows to the melting of these ice crystals. 1967M. J. Coe Ecol. Alpine Zone Mt. Kenya 74 On the flat or slightly sloping ground of valley bottoms, an important feature of soil movement is that of Needle Ice, or Pip[k]rake. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 370/1 Water expands about 10% upon freezing (ice being characterized by a high expansion coefficient, as seen in the growth of ice needles or pipkrakes). Ibid. 381/1 Such ‘needle ice’ is sometimes called pipkrake. 1970R. J. Small Study of Landforms x. 330 The formation at or near the ground surface of small masses of ice, such as pipkraker, commonly has the effect of heaving up small stones at right angles to the slope. 1971A. F. Pitty Introd. Geomorphol. iv. 219 In mountainous areas in central Germany, pipkrakes may be 10–15 cm long. 1973A. L. Washburn Periglacial Processes & Environments iv. 81 Needle ice.., also known as pipkrake, is an accumulation of slender, bristle-like ice crystals practically at, or immediately beneath, the surface of the ground. |