| 释义 |
▪ I. canal, n.|kəˈnæl|
Forms: 6 canall, 6–7 canale, 7 canalle, (cannal), 5, 7– canal.
[a. F. canal (16th c. in Littré), a refashioning, after L. canāl-em or It. canale, of the earlier F. chenal (chanel, chenel): see cannel, channel. (The 15th c. instance may be from L.) The words canel, cannel, and chanel, channel, from the same Latin source, but immediately from old French, were in much earlier use in Eng.: when canal was introduced it was to some extent used as a synonym of these, but the forms were at length differentiated.
(There was an OF. (Picard) canal, a variant of canel, in the 12th c., but this had nothing to do with the 16th c. canal of literary French.)]
†1. A pipe used for conveying water or liquid; also a tube, or tubular cavity. Obs.
c1449Pecock Repr. v. iii. 497 As thoruȝ a pipe or a canal. 1578T. N. tr. Conq. W. India 193 The water is brought..in two pipes or Canalls. 1601Holland Pliny II. 467 These canales (as I may so say of gold ore) follow the veins of such marble and stone in the quarry. 1626Bacon Sylva §138 If the sound which would scatter in open Air be made to go all into a Canale, it must needs give greater force to the Sound. 1670E. King in Phil. Trans., [They, a sort of Wild Bee] first bore a Canale in the Stock. 1698J. Keill Exam. The. Earth (1734) 95 We take the Diameters and Axis..as small Canals or Tubes.
2. Phys. A tubular cavity in the body of an animal or in the tissues of a plant; a duct; as the alimentary canal, the Haversian canals of the bones, the semicircular canals of the ear, etc. Rarely applied to small tubular passages in inorganic substances. (The second sense in current use.)
1626Bacon Sylva §30 A small Quantity of Spirits, in the Cels of the Braine, and Cannals of the Sinewes, are able to move the whole Body. a1711Ken Hymnar. Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 25 Through ev'ry soft Canal, Make vital Spirits sail. 1748Hartley Observ. Man i. i. §1 ⁋5. 27 The Cavities of the Vestibulum, semicircular Canals, and Cochlea [of the ear]. 1764Reid Inquiry iii. Wks. I. 115/2 The entrance of the alimentary canal..the entrance of the canal for respiration. 1801Med. Jrnl. V. 172 The duplicature of membrane within the cranium and spinal canal. 1866Huxley Phys. xii. (1869) 318 All bones, except the smallest, are traversed by small canals..These are called Haversian canals. 1869Phillips Vesuv. xi. 308 We found it [Vesuvian lava] pipy or full of canals.
†3. A water-course, a channel generally. Obs. (exc. as influenced by sense 6).
1538Leland Itin. II. 72 The..canales of eche partes of Sowey river kept from abundance of wedes. 1674Petty Disc. bef. R. Soc. 37 The different Velocity of Bodies..experimented in large Canales, or Troughs of water, fitted with a convenient Apparatus for that purpose. 1756Watson in Phil. Trans. XLIX. 900 One of the canals, which carries off the waste water from the baths. 1771Cavendish ibid. LXI. 607 The fluid shall be able to pass readily from one body to the other by that canal. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. §25. 366 We could see the water escape from it [moulin] through a lateral canal at its bottom.
†4. Geog. A (comparatively) narrow piece of water connecting two larger pieces; a strait. Obs.; now channel.
1686Lond. Gaz. No. 2119/2 The Canal of the Black Sea near to Scutaret. 1704Collect. Voy. & Trav. III. 32/1 In the Canal of Bahama. 1716Lond. Gaz. No. 5473/1 The Turkish Fleet having entred the Canal of Corfu. 1750Beawes Lex Mercat. (1752) 8 In the bottom of the Adriatick Sea there were a quantity of small marshy isles, separated only by narrow canals. 1829Sun 17 Sept. 1/5 The canal of Constantinople, or of the Bosphorus, gives vent to the waters of the Black Sea, which flow..by the canal of the Dardanelles or of the Hellespont.
†5. A long and narrow piece of water for the ornamentation of a garden or park. [App. directly from 17th c. French; see Littré.] Obs.
1663–4Pepys Diary 14 Mar., My Lord Southampton's canalle. 1666Ibid. 15 July, Walked to the Park; and there (it being mighty hot, and I weary,) lay down by the Canalle. 1725H. de Saumarez in Phil. Trans. XXXIII. 412 Having a Boat on the Canal in St. James's Park. 1725Lond. Gaz. No. 6388/3 A Canal or Fish-Pond well stocked. 1751Johnson Rambl. No. 142 ⁋4 The wall which inclosed the gardens..and the canals. 1827Hone Every-day Bk. II. 102 Skating..on the Canal in St. James's..park.
6. a. An artificial watercourse constructed to unite rivers, lakes, or seas, and serve the purposes of inland navigation. (The chief modern sense, which tends to influence all the others.)
1673Temple United Prov. iii. (R.) The great rivers, and the strange number of canals that are found in this province. 1703L. Huddleston (title) Method of conveying Boats or Barges from a higher to a lower level on Canals. 1797J. Rennie (title) Report concerning a Canal proposed between Edinburgh and Glasgow. 1836Penny Cycl. V. 426/1 Shortly after this (1756) Brindley was consulted by he Duke of Bridgewater on the practicability of constructing a canal from Worsley to Manchester. 1857Buckle Civilis. I. iii. 142 If we have no rivers, we make Canals.
transf.1868G. Duff Pol. Surv. 176 From the basin of the Orinoco, the wonderful natural canal of the Cassiquiare leads us straight into the Rio Negro.
b. Any of the faint seasonal markings of doubtful nature observed on the planet Mars.
A misleading rendering of It. canali (Schiaparelli) = channels.
1888Edin. Rev. Jan. 26 Indications derived as to the nature of the mysterious Martian canals. 1891E. Dunkin Midnight Sky 253 Networks of dark lines, to which Schiaparelli has given the name of ‘canals’, were noticed by him, in 1877 and 1882, to overspread the continents..of the planet. 1926H. Macpherson Mod. Astr. iv. 56 These lines he [sc. Schiaparelli] designated by the Italian word ‘canali’, which actually means ‘channels’, but was translated into English as ‘canals’. 1969Times 19 Feb. 13/4 The close-ups will pick out detail down to 900 ft. across and may resolve the question of the curious linear markings nicknamed canals.
†7. fig. A medium of communication, means, agency. Obs.; now channel.
1722Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 658 You will not fail to send..a full account of your Synod, and I shall be a canal to your friends at Edinburgh. 1751Smollett Per. Pic. III. lxxxiv, Ignorant of the canal through which he obtained that promotion. 1779Sir W. Hamilton in Phil. Trans. LXX. 43 The Royal Society..through the respectable canal of its worthy president.
8. Arch. Applied to various semi-tubular grooves: see quot. More commonly channel. [These uses already in Latin, in Vitruvius.]
1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v. 1876Gwilt Archit. Gloss., Canal,..the flutings of a column or pilaster. The canal of the volute is the spiral channel, or sinking on its face, commencing at the eye, and following in the revolutions of the volute. The canal of the larmier is the channel or groove sunk on its soffite to throw off the rain.
9. Zool. The groove in the shells of certain univalve molluscs, for the protrusion of the siphon or breathing tube. (The third current sense.)
1835[see canaliferous]. 1854Woodward Mollusca 34 Protected by the canal of the shell.
10. Comb., as canal-barge, canal-boat, canal-bridge, canal-carrier, canal-lock, canal-man, canal-watered adj.; canal-built a., of a build adapted to canal navigation; canal-cell (Bot.), a cell in the archegonium of Vascular Cryptogams, which ultimately forms the canal through which fertilization takes place; canal incline, canal-lift, an incline or elevator used instead of a lock for transferring canal-boats from one level to another; canal rays [tr. G. kanalstrahlen (Goldstein 1886, in Berl. Ber. XXXIX. 691)]: from the openings in the cathode through which the ions pass, = positive rays; canal-ways adv.
1842Dickens Amer. Notes (1850) 104/2 The passengers being..taken on afterwards by another *canal-boat. 1843Lever J. Hinton xix. (1878) 131, I started from Portobello in the canal-boat.
1819Post Off. Lond. Direct. 319 *Canal-carriers to Manchester, Liverpool, and Staffordshire Potteries.
1875Bennet & Dyer Sachs' Bot. ii. iv. 336 The *canal-cell penetrates between the rows of cells of the neck and becomes converted into mucilage.
1882L. F. Vernon-Harcourt Rivers & Canals I. 102 *Canal inclines are similar to inclines so common in mines. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 555/1 Canal inclines were early adopted on canals where loss of water in lockage was of importance.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Canal-lift. 1876Min. Proc. Instit. Civ. Eng. XLV. 107 Hydraulic Canal Lift at Anderton, on the River Weaver.
1828Fall Brunswick Theatre 1 Rivermen, *canalmen, and their families.
1904Rutherford in Technics July 12/2 The rays from radium are very similar to those produced when a strong electric discharge is sent through a vacuum tube... The α rays are very analogous to the ‘*canal’ rays discovered by Goldstein. 1957Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 882C/1 Goldstein first observed..streams of luminous gas back of a perforated cathode..as if..ionizing particles were coming through the holes..and ionizing the gas... These radiations..were first called kanalstrahlen, or canal rays.
1869Notes N.-W. Prov. India 86 Assessing *canal-watered estates to the land revenue.
1831Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) I. 350 If the Chinese..have conveyed their moral government *canal-ways to the other side of the Great Wall.
▪ II. caˈnal, v. rare
[f. prec. n.]
trans. To make a canal through; to furnish with canals. Also, to make (a river, etc.) navigable by furnishing it with locks like a canal.
1819E. Dana Geogr. Sketches 20 The operation of canalling and locking the falls. 1870Emerson Soc. & Solit. vii. 131 Canalling the American Isthmus. 1876C. D. Warner Winter on Nile i. 18 All canaled and railwayed. 1905Daily Chron. 29 July 9/2 The river..has now been canalled, and is controlled by fourteen locks. |