| 释义 |
▪ I. cave, n.1|keɪv|
Also 4 kaave, 4–5 kave.
[a. F. cave:—L. cava, pl. of cavum a hollow (place), neuter of cavus hollow.]
1. a. A hollow place opening more or less horizontally under the ground; a cavern, den, habitation in the earth.
c1220Bestiary 251 Caue ȝe [the ant] haueð to crepen in. a1300Cursor M. 2915 In a caue he [Lot] hid him þare And his dohutris. c1340Ibid. 12341 (Trin.) To þe leones caue [Cott., Gött. coue] he ȝode. c1350Will. Palerne 25 Þat litel child listely lorked out of his caue. c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 2307 And to a kaave pryvyly hym spedde. 1494Fabyan iv. lxxv. 52 The Picts and Scottes beganne to breke out of theyr Dennes and Caues. 1535Coverdale 1 Sam. xxii. 1 Dauid..fled vnto the caue of Adullam. 1560J. Jewel Serm. Paul's Cross A iv, The Temple..was become a cave of theues. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 454 A murmuring sound Of waters issu'd from a Cave. 1823W. Buckland Relig. Diluv. 5 Caves in limestone are usually connected with fissures of the rock.
b. idols of the cave (idola specus): see idol.
†2. gen. A hollow place of any kind, a cavity.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. ii. v. §3 Are not the Organs of the sences of one kinde with the Organs of Reflexion..the Eare with a Caue or Straight determined and bounded? 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 172 Some creep into the caves of hollow trees. 1626Bacon Sylva §272 The Caue of the Eare doth hold off the Sound a little from the Organ. Ibid. §282 So is the Eare a sinuous Caue.
3. Glass-making. The ash-pit of a glass-furnace.
1875Ure Dict. Arts II. 656 The furnace is thrown over an ash-pit, or cave as it is called.
4. Polit. slang. The secession of a small body of politicians from their party on some special question; the malcontent body so seceding: suggested by Mr. Bright's use of ‘cave of Adullam’ in reference to the secession from the Liberal party in 1866; see adullamite.
1866Bright Sp. (1876) 349 The right hon. gentleman..has retired into what may be called his political Cave of Adullam, and he has called about him ‘every one that was in distress and every one that was discontented’. 1884Daily News 19 Feb., There is no expectation of what Mr. Bright has taught all English politicians to call a ‘Cave’. 1887Standard 30 Mar. 5/7 There are rumours of an Anti⁓coercion Cave in the Conservative ranks. 1887Sir W. Harcourt in Daily News 21 Oct. 6/1 They [the Dissentient Liberals] are a cave, as it used to be called, and the danger of a cave was long ago pointed out that all the footsteps led into the cave, and none out of it.
5. attrib. and Comb., as cave-keeper, cave-mouth, cave-phantom, cave-pool; cave-guarded, cave-keeping, cave-like, cave-lodged, cave-loving adjs.; cave-art, depiction of animals and figures, etc., on the interiors of caves by prehistoric or primitive peoples; hence cave-artist; cave-breccia (Geol.), breccia deposited in caves; cave-deposit (Geol.), any geological formation deposited in caves; cave-dweller, one who dwells in a cave, a troglodyte; spec. applied to (a) those races of prehistoric men who dwelt in natural caves; (b) the Bohemian Brethren, a religious sect formed from the remains of the Hussites in the 15th c., so called because they hid in caves to escape persecution; (c) fig., one who is uncivilized in behaviour like a prehistoric cave-man; cave-earth (Geol.), a layer of earth forming the old floor of a cave before the deposition of stalagmite; cave-fish, a (blind) fish inhabiting subterraneous streams or lakes in caves; cave-man, (a) = cave-dweller; (b) = caver 2; cave-painting = cave-art; also, such a painting or drawing; hence cave-painter; cave-rat, a kind of rat that lives underground; cave-spider, the spider Segestria cellaris Latr.; cave-swallow, a West-Indian species of swallow (Hirundo pocciloma) which suspends its nest from the roofs of caves; cave-woman, a woman who behaves in an uncivilized manner. Also in names of extinct animals whose remains are found in caves, as cave-bear, cave-hyena, cave-lion, cave-tiger.
1921M. C. Burkitt Prehistory xv. 193 The authenticity of the *cave art. 1930Times Lit. Suppl. 3 July 547/1 The meaning of Pleistocene cave-art.
1923H. H. Wilder Man's Prehist. Past 187 In modern art and in imaginative literature the early *cave artists are commonly represented as working upon, or admiring their work.
1865Lubbock Preh. Times 237 The remains of the *cave-bear are abundant in Central Europe. 1866Laing Preh. Rem. Caithn. 64 Men..contemporaries of the cave-bear and tiger.
1863Lyell Antiq. Man 1 The occasional occurrence..of the bones of man..in *cave-breccias and stalactites.
1865Lubbock Preh. Times 243 The animal was essentially a *cave-dweller. 1906B. von Hutten What became of Pam ii. xiii, You will always be a cave-dweller,..for you always were a little savage.
1873Geikie Gt. Ice Age xxix. 411 This ancient deposit rests upon a second *cave-earth or breccia.
1865Lubbock Preh. Times 244 To question..the value of what may be called *cave-evidence.
1871Browning Pr. Hohenst. 145 Found like those famed *cave-fish to lack eye And organ for the upper magnitudes. 1884Longm. Mag. Mar. 527 The blind cave-fish being..probably the descendants of species which once lived above ground.
1874Dawkins (title), *Cave Hunting.
c1611Shakes. Cymb. iv. ii. 298, I thought I was a *Caue-keeper.
1593― Lucr. 1250 *Caue-keeping euils that obscurely sleepe.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxix. 380 This *cave-like abode.
c1630Drummond of Hawthornden Poems Wks. (1711) 33 *Cave-loving Eccho, daughter of the air.
1865Lubbock Preh. Times x. 255 These ancient *Cave-men. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa x. 208 These pots have a cave-man look about them; they are unglazed unlidded bowls. 1924W. M. Raine Troubled Waters xxviii. 280 He was a throw-back to the cave man. 1926Westm. Gaz. 7 Aug., The devotion of the modern girl to the ‘cave man’ of fiction. 1928A. Huxley Point Counter Point xxi. 405 ‘That passionateness of his, that violence ―.’ Philip laughed. ‘Quite the irresistible cave-man.’ 1932E. A. Baker Caving i. 3 The caveman must be prepared physically and mentally for any emergency. Ibid. 4 The caveman will stuff his pockets with all sorts of gadgets. 1949A. Christie Crooked House ix. 67 Why do men always think that a caveman must..be..attractive to the opposite sex?
1906Westm. Gaz. 11 Apr. 2/3 High rocks above my *cavemouth stand.
1937H. Read Art & Society i. 31 The *cave-painter at Altamira.
1882Mag. of Art V. 249 The *cave paintings of the Australians and the bushmen in South Africa. 1942Burlington Mag. June 140/2 The old cave paintings of India.
1930S. Beckett Whoroscope 3 Shall I swallow *cave-phantoms?
1939Dylan Thomas Map of Love 16 Curl-locked and animal *cavepools of spells and bone.
1859Darwin Orig. Spec. v. (1878) 110 One of the blind animals, namely, the *cave-rat.
1865Lubbock Preh. Times 257 These *cave-researches appear to have been conducted with care.
1865Tylor Early Hist. Man. 196 The Drift series of stone implements passes into the *Cave series.
1861Hulme tr. Moquin-Tandon ii. v. ii. 260 The *Cave-Spider..is very common in France and Italy.
1865Lubbock Preh. Times 238 The cave-hyæna, and *cave-tiger, are found associated with the Ursus spelæus in the caverns.
1903E. T. Fowler Place & Power v, Miss St. Just..belonged to the *cave-woman species. 1951M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 23/2 The reader is treated as the sluggish male is treated by the sex-hungry cave woman in the shirt ads.
▸ cave diver n. a participant in cave diving.
1949Cave Sci. Oct. 59 This reach contains the lon[g]est section with an air surface yet known to *cave divers. 1997Daily Tel. 20 Aug. 3/1 Britain's leading cave diver has been killed in an accident in the Bahamas.
▸ cave diving n. the exploration of underwater cave systems, esp. as a recreation, using specialized diving equipment.
1944F. G. Balcombe Rep. 25 Aug. in Brit. Caver (1946) Spring 40 An inspection has been made to determine whether the rising at Keld Head would be suitable practice ground for *cave-diving operations. 1967D. Robinson Potholing & Caving (‘Know the Game’ Ser.) 20 A long training period with a cave diving group is essential. 1997Outdoor Canada Summer 52/1 Sawatzky thrived on the rigours of cave diving, which is far more extreme than either caving or diving separately.
▪ II. † cave, n.2 Obs.
[? for cavie, cavey, cavy.]
Colloquial abbreviation of cavalier.
1661A. Brome Songs 139 Then the Roundheads and Caves agree.
▪ III. † cave, n.3 Obs. or dial.
[f. cave v.2]
An unwieldy toss of the head, or of a limb.
1808Jamieson, Cave, a stroke, a push; a toss—as signifying to throw up the head. It is applied to the action of an ox or cow. Ibid., Kaive, a tossing of the fore legs, rearing; when followed by prep. up, it denotes climbing.
▪ IV. cave, n.4
[f. cave v.3]
A fall of earth, a cave-in.
1876B. Harte G. Conroy vi. viii, Gabriel was amazed to find that during the earthquake a ‘cave’ had taken place in the drift. 1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 319 A very serious cave occurred about 170 feet from the entrance of the drift. 1887J. Farrell How He Died 164 A ‘cave’ had happened in a mine.
▪ V. † cave, a. Obs.
[a. F. cave hollow, ad. L. cavus.]
Hollow, concave. Of the moon: Waning (L. luna cava Plin.). Of a month: Having less than the usual number of days (late L. mensis cavus).
1540–64T. Raynalde Byrth Mank. 61 Stooles..made..caue or holowe in the middes. 1594T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. ii. 356 The..great veine called the cave or hollow veine. 1657Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 264 Its flowers are albid and cave like a scale. 1670Flamsteed in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 97 As if the parallax caused the moon to be really cave. 1677R. Cary Chronol. i. i. vii. 19 If the Month were Cave or Lame of 29 Days only.
▪ VI. cave, v.1|keɪv|
[f. cave n.1 in various casual applications.]
Hence caved ppl. a.
1. trans. To hollow, hollow out, excavate, make into a cave. Cf. cave (in) v.3
1541R. Copland Galyen's Terap. 2 D j, Is it possyble..that an vlcere caued my growe togyther..To cure caued vlceres. 1596Spenser F.Q. iv. v. 33 Vnder a steepe hilles side..where the mouldred earth had cav'd the banke. 1861Holme Lee Tuflongo 35 As if the ground were caved full of hollow galleries.
2. intr. To lodge or lurk in a cave.
1611Shakes. Cymb. iv. ii. 138 Such as wee Caue heere, hunt heere. 1828D. Moir in Blackw. Mag. 368 In the same lair the tame beast and the wild Together caved.
3. trans. To place or inclose as in a cave.
1816Byron Ch. Har. iii. lxxxiii, They Who in oppression's darkness caved had dwelt.
4. intr. To form a political ‘cave’ or cabal.
1881L'pool Mercury 13 Jan. 5/4 The feeling that (to use a new verb, now heard constantly in the lobby) to ‘cave’ would be ungenerous.
▪ VII. cave, v.2|keɪv|
Also 6 Sc. caue, cawe, 9 dial. keave, keve, kaive, kayve.
[This includes several senses of uncertain origin, the connexion of some of which is perhaps only apparent. They are taken here chronologically.]
1. intr. To fall as a thing does when overturned; to fall clumsily or helplessly. Usually with over, back over. Sc. (Cf. cave v.3)
1513Douglas æneis xi. xiii. 43 He cawis our [ed. 1553 cauis ouer], furth bokand stremys of blude. a1614J. Melvill Diary 32 (Jam.) Stitting down on a bedside, he caves back over so that his feet stack out stiff and dead.
2. trans. To tilt and overturn; to upset.
1854Bampton Lanc. Gloss. (ed. 2), Kayve, to upset, to turn over. ‘He's keyvt his cart.’ 1879G. F. Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk., Cave, to turn over; to tilt up, so as to empty. ‘Now then, look afore yo', or yo'n cave that bouk o'er an' sheed all the milk.’ 1882Lanc. Gloss. 171 Kayve, to overturn, to upset. Kayvt, upset, turned over.
3. To stick up in a tilted position.
1641Best Farm. Bks. (1856) 45 To sette nine of the sheaues with..theire toppes cauen vp soe that they stande just fower square, hauinge three sheaues on euery side, and one in the midst.
4. To toss or push (any part of the body) in a ponderous awkward way.
1808Jamieson, Cave, keve, to push, to drive backward and forward. To cave the head, to toss it in a haughty or awkward way (like a horse or cow). Ibid., Kaive, to toss the fore leg, to rear (as a horse, a goat). Banffsh.
5. intr. (in same sense.)
1697W. Cleland Poems 66 (Jam.) Up starts a priest..And did not ceese to cave and paut While clyred back was prickt and gald. 1802R. Anderson Cumbrld. Ball. 25 Sawney..A whornpeype danc'd, and keav'd and pranc'd. Ibid. 81 The laird's daft son..keaves as he wad wurry me. 1847–78Halliwell, Keave, to plunge, to struggle. Cumbld.
▪ VIII. cave, v.3|keɪv|
[Usually cave in: in meaning identical with the dial. calve in (q.v.), and perh. phonetically descended from it (cf. hā'penny from half-penny); but even if so, it has certainly been associated with other senses of cave; cf. esp. cave v.1 ‘to hollow’, cave v.2 ‘to fall all of a heap’.
(All the earliest instances of cave in, in print, are from America, and its literary use appears to have arisen there: but, as the word is given as East Anglian by Forby, 1830, and is widely used in Eng. dialects, it is generally conjectured to have reached the U.S. from East Anglia. Its history requires further investigation.)]
1. a. to cave in: to fall in over a hollow, as the earth on the side of a pit or cutting; to fall in in a concave form, as when the front of a vertical section of earth or soil becomes concave in falling forward, from the greater weight or momentum of the higher part. Chiefly colloq.
1707S. Sewall Diary (1879) II. 186 Grave was caved in. 1728J. Comer Diary 5 Nov. (1893) 57 This day a man..digging a well, after he had dug 20 feet deep, it cav'd in upon him. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 398 The cellars are walled with brick..to prevent the loose sand from caving in. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. (1859) 196 As some labourers were digging to make an adjoining vault, the earth caved in, so as to leave a vacant space almost like an arch. 1848Bartlett Dict. Amer. (1860), To cave in, said of the earth which falls down when digging into a bank. 1863Kingsley Water Bab. viii. 312 The roof caved in bodily. 1883Manch. Guard. 18 Oct. 4/7 Two brothers..were at work..dismantling an old pit shaft, when a portion of the sides caved in and one of the men was partially buried.
b. Without in.
1848Thoreau in Atlantic Monthly (1892) LXIX. 744 His cellar..has caved and let one end of the house down. 1873J. H. Beadle Undevel. West iii. 69 He had dug two wells,..but struck sand which ‘caved so he could not curb’. 1882U.S. Rep. Prec. Met. 639 Wherever the rock in the tunnel has a tendency to cave.
c. transf. To yield to outward pressure.
1898Hamblen Gen. Manager's Story 32, I was caught between the corners of the cars..and heard my ribs cave in.
2. fig. colloq.
a. To yield to pressure from above, or from being morally or physically undermined; to break down, give way, give in, submit, collapse.
1837–40T. C. Haliburton Sam Slick, Hum. Nat. 55 (Bartlett) He was a plucky fellow, and warn't a goin' to cave in that way. 1848New York Tribune 4 Mar. (Bartl.), [They] will cave in..though they talk loud against it now. 1851T. Parker Wks. (1863–71) VII. 372 Politician after politician ‘caved in’ and collapsed. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. ix. 94 He felt so much better that he got up at six: but he caved in soon after. 1859H. Kingsley G. Hamlyn xxviii. (D.), A puppy, three weeks old, joins the chase with heart and soul, but caves in at about fifty yards. 1880J. Martineau Hours Th. II. 268 The Romans..found their empire cave in for want of inward moral tension. 1887Punch 12 Mar. 132/1 In the end Government caved in, and unconditionally agreed to inquiry.
b. without in. slang (chiefly U.S.).
1844Spirit of Times 23 Mar. 42/2 List 'till I tell you, and if you do not agree with me, why, I'll cave. 1855‘P. Paxton’ Capt. Priest 64 The one who ‘caves’ first shall pay the shot. 1860Holland Miss Gilbert's Career xxii. 390, I tell you when a man gets in front of him Sunday, he catches it—no use dodging—might as well cave. 1863Reade Hard Cash I. 287 ‘Now I cave.’ 1961‘A. A. Fair’ Stop at Red Light (1962) xi. 169 The guy caved... The guy broke down and admitted the whole damned business.
¶3.
a. trans. (causal.) To smash or ‘bash’ in.
1857Knickerbocker Mar. XLIX. 278 He would feel like caving my head in, if he knew. 1870M. Bridgman R. Lynne II. v. 115, I should like to cave his head in. 1873B. Harte Mrs. Skagg's Husbands 61 Reckons she's caved in his head the first lick! 1916‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 56 ‘If we can plant a bomb or two in the right spot, it will bottle up any Germans working inside?’ ‘Sure to!’ said Ainsley. ‘It will cave in the entrance completely.’ 1957E. Eager Magic by Lake 96 The ship turned in craven flight and hurried away, fearful of being rammed and caved in.
b. to cave down: to bring down by an excavation caving in. U.S.
a1762S. Niles Wars in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. (1861) V. 340 Providence prevented them by sending a great rain, and caved down the sides of their trench. 1851C. Cist Cincinnati 244, I obtained permission to open a sand-pit, which had long been closed for fear of caving down a house, by further excavation.
Hence caved ppl. a. (freq. with in), cave-in n.
1862C. F. Browne Artemus Ward, his Book 92 A old kaved in hat. 1882‘Mark Twain’ Innoc. at Home vii. 309 An Hour in the Caved Mines. 1884Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 6 Sept., The most extensive cave-in that has occurred in this region for years, nearly one hundred acres of ground settling from four to six feet. [‘Common in Suffolk.’ F. Hall.] 1953R. Graves Poems 19 A caved-in chest, hairy black mandibles.
▪ IX. † cave, v.4|keɪv|
Also dial. keave, keeave.
Obs. and dial. form of chave, to separate chaff and empty ears from the corn.
c1420Pallad. on Husb. i. 996 A place high, plain and pure When nede is therto cave upon thi corne. 1530Palsgr. 479, I cave corne, Jescoux le grain. 1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 323 To Cave, or Chave, is with a large Rake, or such like Instrument, to divide the greater from the lesser; as the larger Chaff from the Corn or smaller Chaff. Also larger coals from the lesser. 1855Whitby Gloss., To Keave, to rake the short straws and ears from wheat on the barn floor.
Hence caving vbl. n., the action of separating the chaff, etc., from corn; cavings, the chaff or ears thus separated. Comb. caving-rake, caving-riddle.
1641Best Farm. Bks. 121 They [young trees] will serve for flayle-hande-staffes, cavinge-rake-shaftes..and such other like uses. 1807R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 298 The short chaffy substance thus separated, is in some districts termed cavings. 1865Cornh. Mag. July 33 In the Midland districts, ears of corn when thrashed are..‘cavvins’. 1877Peacock N.-W. Linc. Gloss. (E.D.S.), Cavings, refuse bits of straw and dirt mixed with small corn, after threshing. Caving-rake, a rake used for separating the long bits of straw from corn before dressing. Caving-riddle, a riddle used after threshing for separating the corn from the bits of short straw which have come down the machine with it.
▪ X. cave, int. School slang.|ˈkeɪviː|
[L., imper. of cavēre to take care, beware.]
Beware! A signal of warning, e.g. of the approach of a master. Also used subst. in phr. to keep cave.
[1584R. Greene Carde of Fancie 7 Nowe thou wilte crye Caue when thy coyne is consumed, and beware when thy wealth is wracked.] 1868Cassell's Mag. 17 Oct. 390/1 [Title of Poem] Cave! 1873‘A. R. Hope’ Night before Holidays 110 There was a heavy footstep sounding along the passage... ‘Cave!’ ‘Canem,’ responded Lessing, burying himself under the bedclothes again. 1906E. Nesbit Railway Children xiv. 295 He won't keep cave, shirks his turn And says he came to school to learn! 1922Blackw. Mag. May 557/2 One of their number doing sentry-go gives the native equivalent for the schoolboy's ‘Cave’ on the reappearance of their employer. 1959I. & P. Opie Lore & Lang. Schoolchildren xvii. 373 The term ‘keeping cave’..only rarely extends to boys who do not possess any Latin... The look-out in a grammar school..may call just ‘Cave!’ (pronounced kave or kay-ve). |