-ocksuffix

Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly; see e.g. dunnock n.

Forms: Old English–Middle English -uc, Old English–1800s -oc, Middle English -ek, Middle English 1800s -och, Middle English 1800s–1900s -uk, Middle English–1500s -oke, Middle English–1500s -okke, Middle English–1600s -ocke, Middle English–1800s -ok, Middle English– -ock, Middle English– -uck, 1500s -ecke, 1500s–1600s -eck, 1500s–1800s -ack, 1700s–1800s -ick; Scottish pre-1700 -ak, pre-1700 -og, pre-1700 1700s -ok, pre-1700 1700s– -ack, pre-1700 1700s– -ock, 1700s–1900s -ick, 1700s–1900s -uck, 1700s– -ach, 1800s -acke, 1800s -ik, 1800s– -ag, 1800s– -och.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: < a Germanic suffix represented in all the major Germanic languages (see e.g. hawk n.¹, maddock n., stirk n., and forms cited at those entries, Gothic ahaks dove, etc.); for possible further connections in Indo-European see H. Krahe Germanische Sprachwissensch. (ed. 7, rev. W. Meid, 1969) III. §153. In Scots often confused or conflated with Scottish Gaelic -ag, -og, Scots -och.A few examples appear in Old English, as bealluc bollock n. and adj., bulluc bullock n. (although in these two the apparent root word is not attested in Old English). A somewhat larger number are first attested in Middle English, including buttock n., hillock n. (the only well-established formation still felt to be diminutive), mullock n., and paddock n.¹ Formations continue to appear in early modern English, e.g. fitchock n., queyock n., willock n., wretchock n.; the appearance of rare or ad hoc formations (e.g. millocke n., fistock n.) shows that the suffix continues to be generally productive. Most formations since 1700 are regional (especially Scots), e.g. bittock n., lassock n.; rillock n. is an exception. Several names of animals, especially birds and fishes, have what appears to be the same ending, and are probably originally diminutive formations. Among these are Old English cornoc crane and ruduc ruddock n.; the Middle English formations dunnock n., haddock n., pinnock n.¹, puttock n.¹; and the modern English piddock n. and tarrock n. A number of familiar or disrespectful words for persons (especially females) also seem to have this suffix, e.g. fillock n., fussock n., kittock n., pussock n.; perhaps compare also wazzock n. Diminutives of proper names, such as Bessock , Jamock , Kittock are found in Scots: see J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. s.v. -oc, -ock. In other words (some of which, e.g. bannock n., hassock n., mattock n., go back to Old English) -ock appears to be of different origin. A number of words in -ock seem to share a general sense of ‘rounded protuberance’, ‘clump’, e.g. hassock n., hummock n., tummock n., and tussock n.

Forming diminutives.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	-ock
释义	-ocksuffix Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly; see e.g. dunnock n. Forms: Old English–Middle English -uc, Old English–1800s -oc, Middle English -ek, Middle English 1800s -och, Middle English 1800s–1900s -uk, Middle English–1500s -oke, Middle English–1500s -okke, Middle English–1600s -ocke, Middle English–1800s -ok, Middle English– -ock, Middle English– -uck, 1500s -ecke, 1500s–1600s -eck, 1500s–1800s -ack, 1700s–1800s -ick; Scottish pre-1700 -ak, pre-1700 -og, pre-1700 1700s -ok, pre-1700 1700s– -ack, pre-1700 1700s– -ock, 1700s–1900s -ick, 1700s–1900s -uck, 1700s– -ach, 1800s -acke, 1800s -ik, 1800s– -ag, 1800s– -och. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: < a Germanic suffix represented in all the major Germanic languages (see e.g. hawk n.¹, maddock n., stirk n., and forms cited at those entries, Gothic ahaks dove, etc.); for possible further connections in Indo-European see H. Krahe Germanische Sprachwissensch. (ed. 7, rev. W. Meid, 1969) III. §153. In Scots often confused or conflated with Scottish Gaelic -ag, -og, Scots -och.A few examples appear in Old English, as bealluc bollock n. and adj., bulluc bullock n. (although in these two the apparent root word is not attested in Old English). A somewhat larger number are first attested in Middle English, including buttock n., hillock n. (the only well-established formation still felt to be diminutive), mullock n., and paddock n.¹ Formations continue to appear in early modern English, e.g. fitchock n., queyock n., willock n., wretchock n.; the appearance of rare or ad hoc formations (e.g. millocke n., fistock n.) shows that the suffix continues to be generally productive. Most formations since 1700 are regional (especially Scots), e.g. bittock n., lassock n.; rillock n. is an exception. Several names of animals, especially birds and fishes, have what appears to be the same ending, and are probably originally diminutive formations. Among these are Old English cornoc crane and ruduc ruddock n.; the Middle English formations dunnock n., haddock n., pinnock n.¹, puttock n.¹; and the modern English piddock n. and tarrock n. A number of familiar or disrespectful words for persons (especially females) also seem to have this suffix, e.g. fillock n., fussock n., kittock n., pussock n.; perhaps compare also wazzock n. Diminutives of proper names, such as Bessock , Jamock , Kittock are found in Scots: see J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. s.v. -oc, -ock. In other words (some of which, e.g. bannock n., hassock n., mattock n., go back to Old English) -ock appears to be of different origin. A number of words in -ock seem to share a general sense of ‘rounded protuberance’, ‘clump’, e.g. hassock n., hummock n., tummock n., and tussock n. Forming diminutives. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < suffix
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