outherpron.adj.adv.conj.

Brit.

/ˈaʊðə/,

/ˈɒðə/, U.S.

/ˈaʊðər/,

/ˈɑðər/, Scottish English

/ˈʌʊθər/,

/ˈɔθər/

Forms:

α. Old English ahwæþer, Old English ahwæðer.

β. Old English aðer, Old English aþor, Old English aðor, Old English auðer, Old English awðer, Old English (Middle English chiefly northern) aþer, Old English (Middle English chiefly north midlands) auþer, Old English (Middle English chiefly north midlands) awþer, late Old English aþær, early Middle English aþar, Middle English ader (northern), Middle English athere (northern), Middle English aþir (northern), Middle English athir (chiefly northern), Middle English aþire (northern), Middle English athire (northern), Middle English athiree (northern), Middle English athor (northern), Middle English athur (chiefly northern), Middle English aþyr (northern), Middle English athyr (northern), Middle English atthur (Cheshire), Middle English auder (northern), Middle English auther (chiefly northern), Middle English authere (chiefly northern), Middle English authir (chiefly northern), Middle English authre (chiefly northern), Middle English authyr (northern), Middle English auyer (north midlands and northern), Middle English avther (north-west midlands), Middle English avthere (north-west midlands), Middle English awder (north midlands and northern), Middle English awdir (chiefly northern), Middle English awdyr (northern), Middle English awther (chiefly west midlands), Middle English awthere (northern), Middle English awthir (Cheshire), Middle English awthre (chiefly northern), Middle English awyer (north midlands), Middle English ayer (north midlands and northern), Middle English ayir (northern), Middle English ayur (north midlands), Middle English hathyr (northern), Middle English hawder (northern), Middle English–1600s ather (chiefly northern); English regional (northern) 1800s auther, 1800s– ather, 1800s– awther, 1800s– orther; Scottish pre-1700 ader, pre-1700 adir, pre-1700 athair, pre-1700 athar, pre-1700 athare, pre-1700 ather, pre-1700 atheyr, pre-1700 athir, pre-1700 athyr, pre-1700 athyre, pre-1700 atthir.

γ. Old English (rare)–early Middle English owðer, late Old English–early Middle English ouðer, late Old English–Middle English ouþer, early Middle English owwþerr ( Ormulum), Middle English ouder, Middle English oudur, Middle English oudyr, Middle English ouȝir, Middle English ouþere, Middle English outhere, Middle English ouþir, Middle English outhir, Middle English outhire, Middle English outhor, Middle English ouþur, Middle English outhur, Middle English outhyr, Middle English ouyere, Middle English ouyur, Middle English ovyer, Middle English owder, Middle English owdir, Middle English owdre, Middle English owdyr, Middle English owþer, Middle English owþere, Middle English owthere, Middle English owthir, Middle English owthire, Middle English owþir, Middle English owþur, Middle English owyer, Middle English owyere, Middle English–1500s outher, Middle English–1500s ouyer, Middle English–1500s owther, Middle English–1500s owthyr; English regional (northern) 1700s– outher, 1800s– owther, 1900s– owder; Scottish pre-1700 older, pre-1700 oldyr, pre-1700 oudder, pre-1700 ouder, pre-1700 oudir, pre-1700 oudyr, pre-1700 outhire, pre-1700 outhyre, pre-1700 owder, pre-1700 owdir, pre-1700 owdyr, pre-1700 owthair, pre-1700 owthir, pre-1700 owthire, pre-1700 owthyr, pre-1700 owthyre, pre-1700 uwther, pre-1700 1700s–1800s outher, pre-1700 1700s– owther, pre-1700 1800s outhir.

δ. Middle English our.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian āhwedder , auder , ouder , Middle Dutch (rare) ieder , yeder (Dutch ieder ), Old Saxon iohwethar (Middle Low German iewēder , ieder , īder ), Old High German iowedar (Middle High German ieweder , ieder , German jeder ) < the Germanic base of o adv. + the Germanic base of whether pron., adj., conj.¹, and n.With the α. and β. forms compare α. forms at o adv.; with the γ. and δ. forms compare β. forms at o adv. Some northern Middle English and Older Scots β. forms in ā (e.g. ather, athir, etc.) could alternatively reflect smoothing of ai before a (voiced) fricative, and hence be referred to either pron., adj., adv., and conj. (compare aither, aithir, etc. at that entry, and see A. J. Aitken & C. Macafee Older Sc. Vowels (2002) §12.3). It is uncertain whether examples covered by senses A. 3 and B. 2, which occur only with ou- or ow- , show a functional development of the current word or are late Middle English spellings of other adj., pron., n., and adv.² Forms such as auyer, ouyer, etc. show y for þ (see discussion at Y n.). It is unclear whether aqueþer in the following example shows an otherwise unparalleled survival of a trisyllabic form of this word (compare α. forms and sense A. 2) or, as is more likely, an alteration of or error for though-whether adv. (compare the variant reading in MS Vespasian):a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 11009 Þair moderis aqueþer [Vesp. þo-queþer] bath milde [Trin. Cambr. Her boþe modris þat were mylde], ȝode at anes with þaire childe. N.E.D. (1903) gives the pronunciation as (ɑu·ðəɹ, ǫ·ðəɹ) /ˈaʊðə(r)/ /ˈɒðə(r)/.

Now Scottish and English regional (northern).

A. pron.

a. One or other (of two); either: = either pron. 5. After the Old English period chiefly northern or north midlands.In quot. OE³: one or another of all, any one whatsoever.

ΚΠ

eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xiv. 87 Gif he auðer ðissa forlæt.

eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) iii. ix. 73 Ær heora aðer mehte on oþrum sige geræcan.

OE Riddle 88 27 Wit wæron gesome sæcce to fremmanne; næfre uncer awþer his ellen cyðde, swa wit þære beadwe begen ne onþungan.

OE Genesis A (1931) 2468 Ne can þara idesa owðer gieta þurh gebedscipe beorna neawest.

OE Paris Psalter (1932) lv. 4 Nis me ege mannes for ahwæðer.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2507 All þatt tatt owwþerr here comm. Off sellþe. & off unnsellþe.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9352 Ær þann þe laferrd iesu crist. Bigann owwþerr to donne.

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) 498 A þet owðer of ham twa ear leose oþer.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 21949 (MED) Ouþer [a1400 Fairf. auþer; a1400 Trin. Cambr. oon] of þaim we most for-ga, For mai na man haue heuens tua.

?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 96 Þai er mykill lesse þan owþer of þe oþer.

a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) 2013 Nys man in erthe..Shall trewes sette..Er outher of vs haue other slayne.

1862 C. C. Robinson Dial. Leeds & Neighbourhood 378 Tak orther on'em, which yuh like!

1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. at Owther Ah deean't want owder on 'em.

†b. Used anticipatively in Old English to introduce the two (or more) members of an alternative, each of which is introduced by oððe: either (of the two, or of these). Cf. other pron. and n. 1b. Obsolete.In this use āwðer almost has the function of an adverb, i.e. when the alternative members to which it refers are not nouns. It thus resembles the modern either in ‘either on land or on sea’ (except in being followed by oððe, which itself has the place and force of ‘either’).In quot. eOE⁴ āuðer follows the alternative clause: cf. either adv. 4, other conj. 2.

ΚΠ

eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) vi. xxxiv. 153 Þa oferho[go]de he þæt he him aðer dyde, oþþe wiernde, oþþe tigþade.

eOE Metres of Boethius xx. 42 Næs æror ðe ænegu gesceaft þe auht oððe nauht auðer worhte.

eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) xl. 137 Ælc [wyrd] is nyt þara þe auðer deð, oððe lærð oððe wyrcð.

eOE Laws of Ælfred (Corpus Cambr. 173) Introd. xlix. §9. 46 Ac ða ðe ic gemette awðer [lOE Rochester aþær] oððe on Ines dæge, mines mæges, oððe on Offan, Mercna cyninges, oððe on Æþelbryhtes.

OE Acct. Voy. Ohthere & Wulfstan in tr. Orosius Hist. (Tiber.) (1980) i. i. 15 Eal þæt his man aþer oððe ettan oððe erian mæg.

lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) xli. 146 Ænig dæl þe him forgifen is auþer oððe hrorum neatum oððe unrorum.

lOE King Ælfred tr. St. Augustine Soliloquies (Vitell.) (1922) i. 38 Hwæt wille ic ma cwæðan aðer oððe be mete, oððe be drince, oððe be baðe, oððe be welan, oððe be wyrðscype?

2. Each (of two): = either pron. 1. Also: in early use, frequently in reciprocal relationship with other; = either pron. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [adjective] > each > each of two

eithereOE

outhera1250

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 26 Tis is..ful neih idon mid ham þet kumeð so neih to gederes þet ouþer oþer hondlie.

c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) 1990 (MED) Aþer askede of oþeres stat.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) v. 86 (MED) Atwen vs two egally to deme..Oure ouþer merit weied in ballaunce.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 38 (MED) Ather luffid other passand wele.

1472 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 24 (MED) Outhir drewe blode of othir.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 2 (MED) In medys the water..be now maide the firmament, And parte ather from othere Water aboue.

1839 J. Rayson Poems 54 Nought there's a wanting, Save summut they lang for—that's outher a man.

1994 A. Kellett Yorks. Dict. 5/2 Awther, either, each.

†3. Another; the other; others. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. 2836 (MED) What man that schal with outher dele, He mai noght faile to repente.

a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 7723 (MED) A holy man were hym leuer tylle..Þan an hundred ouþer mo.

a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 36 (MED) Nouþir is wel servaunt to ouþir.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1111 (MED) Outhire out of þe orient sall openly here-efter Vndo þe dreȝt of þi days.

B. adj. (determiner).

†1. One or other (of two); = either adj. 3. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > [adjective] > one of two > one or other of two

outhereOE

eitherc1300

eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) i. xiv. 35 [Heora] þeh wurdon feawa to lafe on aðre hand.

1386 in D. Macpherson et al. Rotuli Scotiae (1819) II. 86 That nane of outher syde..sal..be recettit in others bondys.

1405 in H. M. Flasdieck Mittelengl. Originalurkunden (1926) 35 Ȝif..the forsaide newe hauen..breke vp on auther partie.

?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 90^v Ȝif þe wounde haue ouþer lippe the tone hongynge more þen þat oþer, þu moste firste, [etc.].

1571 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxvi. 78 Bot puneis all the quhilk ye knaw vnclene Of outher blude, and quyte yame for yair meids.

?1856 Halifax Words in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1898) I. 103/1 Tak auther one.

2008 R. Raisin God's Own Country vii. 46 Father was right about the others catching her up for size but he knew sod-all about the nature of awther one and Sal was easy the conniest.

†2. Other. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [adjective] > also different

otherOE

outhera1387

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 67 (MED) Ouþer vnderstondynge bihoueþ of þe ryueres of Paradys þan auctours writeþ.

a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 3462 Ȝyf þou..lettyst ouþer men..Of here bedys..Or of any ouþer holy þyng, Or of any ouþer gode dede, to telle hyt þe prest behoueþ þe nede.

a1400 (?a1325) Medit. on Supper of our Lord (Harl.) (1875) 434 (MED) Þou held þe wyser þan any ouþer man.

?a1450 Metrical Life Christ (1977) 42 (MED) Howsoeuer he saye, He schal be fals by ouþer way.

3. Each (of two); = either adj. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > two > [adjective] > both

either bothOE

boc1000

botha1225

eitherc1300

outhera1450

a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) 4633 (MED) Owther parte hath matere to conpleyne.

a1475 Bk. Curtasye (Sloane 1986) l. 689 in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 322 At aþer ende he [sc. the pantere] castes a cope, Layde downe on borde, þe endys plyed vp.

1477 Indenture in Yorks. Archæol. Jrnl. (1891) 11 397 In witness whereof owther party enterchangeably to this present wrytyng hath put to their seales.

1555 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1871) II. 214 The Freir Wynd heid an ather syde of the trans of the Hie gait.

1859 ‘T. Treddlehoyle’ Bairnsla Foaks' Ann. 22 An a orange a awther side on it face, to mack it look bonny.

1962 Southern Annual 18 Wi' that he slippit off his clogs, and, pittin' yin under owther oxter, Bob [etc.].

2001 Summer Bull. Yorks. Dial. Soc. 48 6 It wor cut inta layers wi a wire wi a annle at awther end.

C. adv.

1. In correlative constructions with a conjunction: = either adv. 3.

†a. Correlative with oððe. Only in Old English. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

OE Homily: De Temporibus Anticristi (Corpus Cambr. 419) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 200 He forbyt ælcum men aðor to bycganne oððe to syllanne, butan he on his foranheafde habbe his mearce.

OE Homily: Sermo Bone Praedicatio (Otho B.x) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 303 Þæt nan cristen man ne mote his ælmessan ahwæþer behatan oððe to bringan.., buton to Criste sylfum.

b. Correlative with or (in later use Scottish and English regional (northern)), †other. Cf. sense A. 1b.

ΚΠ

c1275 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo.:Morton) 22 From ouþer Compelin oðer Preciosa beo iseid, holdeð silence.

a1350 in R. H. Robbins Secular Lyrics 14th & 15th Cent. (1952) 7 Wer þer ouþer in þis toun ale or wy[n] isch hit wolde bugge to lemmon myn.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) 2 Kings xv. 21 In what euer place þou were my lord kyng, ouþer in deþ or in lijf, þer schal ben þi seruaunt.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iii. 1583 Owther schal he deie or I Withinne a while.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 702 (MED) Wonde þer bot lyte Þat auþer God oþer gome wyth goud hert louied.

a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 1651 He es outher clomsed or wode.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 395 This..muste outhir be doon bi hem..or bi othere persoones.

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xli. 290 As thowgh it hadde ben Owther led Oþer ston.

c1475 (a1400) Sir Amadace (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 42 Authir to gentilmen or to schrewis.

1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 4 They loue outher you or me.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) ix. v. 171 The chans turnis, ouder to weyll or wo.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 32 Outher in S..or in one of these thre letters T, U or V.

1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 142 Than suld we outher do or die.

1597 A. Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae (ed. 2) 440 Be tane, And outher hurt or slaine.

1609 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1816) IV. 407/1 Auther directlie or covertlie.

1791 J. Learmont Poems Pastoral 172 When fock are outher late or sune Ramjee'd wi' whisky.

1862 C. C. Robinson Dial. Leeds & Neighbourhood 378 Orther goa ur let me goa; which tuh likes.

1893 K. Simpson Jeanie o' Biggersdale 56 To run off wiv owther t'bairns or t'brass.

1925 E. C. Smith Mang Howes 19 A'm owther geetin jaappeet an splairggeet wui dirrt, or dunsht wui folk.

1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. at Owther Owther thoo gans or t'lad gans.

Categories »

†c. Correlative with outher: see sense D. 1a. Obsolete.

2. Following an alternative clause introduced by or. Cf. either adv. 4. Also: = either adv. 4b.

ΚΠ

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 2293 (MED) Gawayn..stode stylle as þe ston oþer a stubbe auþer.

a1425 (?a1400) Cloud of Unknowing (Harl. 674) (1944) 24 (MED) Mynde or þinkyng of any creature þat euer God maad, or of any of þeire dedes ouþer, it is a maner of goostly liȝt.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1180 (MED) Comand he þis clerke..rathere to thole Þe mayntenance of þe Messedoyns..Þan þaiem of Persy to pay or to plese authere.

1813 E. Picken Misc. Poems I. 97 They are the warst sight e'er ye saw, At kirk or market owther.

1874 ‘S. Gilpin’ Songs & Ballads Cumberland (ed. 2) II. 66 Anderson wasn't a bad fellow, an' wasn't badly thowt on, owther.

1889 Monthly Chron. North-country Lore & Legend July 331/1 Aa care nowt for yor pigeons, or cuddies, or dogs outher.

1953 Recorded Interview (Brit. Libr. Sound Archive) Survey Eng. Dial.: C908 (MS transcript) Track 42 We had a fussy old school master. He wasn't a bad schoolmaster, outher.

†D. conj. = or conj.¹

a. With outher as correlative adverb. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 675 Hwilc man swa haued behaten to faren to Rome, and he ne muge hit forðian, ouðer for untrumnisse, ouðer for lauerded neode, ouðer for haueleste, ouðer for hwilces cinnes oðer neod.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) 1 Esdras vii. 26 Dom shal ben of hym ouþer in to deþ ouþer in to outlawe.

c1395 G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale 1149 Ymaad, outher of chalk outher [c1425 Petworth or ellis] of glas.

a1400 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) II. 42 In myraclis..þat Crist dude..outher in hymsilf outher in hise seyntis.

a1450 Pater Noster Richard Ermyte (Westm. Sch. 3) (1967) 40 (MED) Þis may be vndirstonden on two maneres, ouþer of þe breed with whiche þe body is susteyned..ouþer of breed þoruȝ þe whiche þe soule is susteyned.

a1500 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Wellcome) f. 25^v (MED) If it [sc. choler] be roten, outhir it is in all þe body..outhir it is one stede.

b. With whether as correlative adverb. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Judges ix. 2 Wheþer is it bettere to ȝow þat seuenti men, alle þe sonys of Jeroboal, han lordschipe of ȝow ouþer oon man be lord to ȝow?

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) 10779 (MED) Wheþer he wolde ouþer nay he most hir spouse & lede away.

2. Without correlative. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 777 Cuðbriht geaf þone abbote l punde þær fore, & ilca gear anes nihtes feorme ouðer xxx scyllinga penega.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 656 Ic bidde ealle þa ða æfter me cumen, beon hi mine sunes, beon hi mine breðre, ouþer kyningas þa æfter me cumen.

a1350 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 134 Ȝof þer lyþ a loket by er ouþer eȝe Þat mot wiþ worse be wet for lat [read lac] of oþer leȝe.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) 3 Esdras vi. 32 Whoso euere ouer passen any-thing of þese thingis þat ben writen, ouþer despisen..be þei hangid.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) 9662 Wiþouten mercy ouþer [c1460 Laud oþir] reuthe.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 647 Every day in that twelvemonthe he had to do wyth one knyght owther wyth another.

c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) 33 (MED) Where do ye dwell, In heuen or in erthe, outher elles in hell?

a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) (1946) ii. ix. f. 74 Thare hedis schavin and nocht beld owder bare or lichtlie coverit.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	outher
释义	outherpron.adj.adv.conj. Brit. /ˈaʊðə/, /ˈɒðə/, U.S. /ˈaʊðər/, /ˈɑðər/, Scottish English /ˈʌʊθər/, /ˈɔθər/ Forms: α. Old English ahwæþer, Old English ahwæðer. β. Old English aðer, Old English aþor, Old English aðor, Old English auðer, Old English awðer, Old English (Middle English chiefly northern) aþer, Old English (Middle English chiefly north midlands) auþer, Old English (Middle English chiefly north midlands) awþer, late Old English aþær, early Middle English aþar, Middle English ader (northern), Middle English athere (northern), Middle English aþir (northern), Middle English athir (chiefly northern), Middle English aþire (northern), Middle English athire (northern), Middle English athiree (northern), Middle English athor (northern), Middle English athur (chiefly northern), Middle English aþyr (northern), Middle English athyr (northern), Middle English atthur (Cheshire), Middle English auder (northern), Middle English auther (chiefly northern), Middle English authere (chiefly northern), Middle English authir (chiefly northern), Middle English authre (chiefly northern), Middle English authyr (northern), Middle English auyer (north midlands and northern), Middle English avther (north-west midlands), Middle English avthere (north-west midlands), Middle English awder (north midlands and northern), Middle English awdir (chiefly northern), Middle English awdyr (northern), Middle English awther (chiefly west midlands), Middle English awthere (northern), Middle English awthir (Cheshire), Middle English awthre (chiefly northern), Middle English awyer (north midlands), Middle English ayer (north midlands and northern), Middle English ayir (northern), Middle English ayur (north midlands), Middle English hathyr (northern), Middle English hawder (northern), Middle English–1600s ather (chiefly northern); English regional (northern) 1800s auther, 1800s– ather, 1800s– awther, 1800s– orther; Scottish pre-1700 ader, pre-1700 adir, pre-1700 athair, pre-1700 athar, pre-1700 athare, pre-1700 ather, pre-1700 atheyr, pre-1700 athir, pre-1700 athyr, pre-1700 athyre, pre-1700 atthir. γ. Old English (rare)–early Middle English owðer, late Old English–early Middle English ouðer, late Old English–Middle English ouþer, early Middle English owwþerr ( Ormulum), Middle English ouder, Middle English oudur, Middle English oudyr, Middle English ouȝir, Middle English ouþere, Middle English outhere, Middle English ouþir, Middle English outhir, Middle English outhire, Middle English outhor, Middle English ouþur, Middle English outhur, Middle English outhyr, Middle English ouyere, Middle English ouyur, Middle English ovyer, Middle English owder, Middle English owdir, Middle English owdre, Middle English owdyr, Middle English owþer, Middle English owþere, Middle English owthere, Middle English owthir, Middle English owthire, Middle English owþir, Middle English owþur, Middle English owyer, Middle English owyere, Middle English–1500s outher, Middle English–1500s ouyer, Middle English–1500s owther, Middle English–1500s owthyr; English regional (northern) 1700s– outher, 1800s– owther, 1900s– owder; Scottish pre-1700 older, pre-1700 oldyr, pre-1700 oudder, pre-1700 ouder, pre-1700 oudir, pre-1700 oudyr, pre-1700 outhire, pre-1700 outhyre, pre-1700 owder, pre-1700 owdir, pre-1700 owdyr, pre-1700 owthair, pre-1700 owthir, pre-1700 owthire, pre-1700 owthyr, pre-1700 owthyre, pre-1700 uwther, pre-1700 1700s–1800s outher, pre-1700 1700s– owther, pre-1700 1800s outhir. δ. Middle English our. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian āhwedder , auder , ouder , Middle Dutch (rare) ieder , yeder (Dutch ieder ), Old Saxon iohwethar (Middle Low German iewēder , ieder , īder ), Old High German iowedar (Middle High German ieweder , ieder , German jeder ) < the Germanic base of o adv. + the Germanic base of whether pron., adj., conj.¹, and n.With the α. and β. forms compare α. forms at o adv.; with the γ. and δ. forms compare β. forms at o adv. Some northern Middle English and Older Scots β. forms in ā (e.g. ather, athir, etc.) could alternatively reflect smoothing of ai before a (voiced) fricative, and hence be referred to either pron., adj., adv., and conj. (compare aither, aithir, etc. at that entry, and see A. J. Aitken & C. Macafee Older Sc. Vowels (2002) §12.3). It is uncertain whether examples covered by senses A. 3 and B. 2, which occur only with ou- or ow- , show a functional development of the current word or are late Middle English spellings of other adj., pron., n., and adv.² Forms such as auyer, ouyer, etc. show y for þ (see discussion at Y n.). It is unclear whether aqueþer in the following example shows an otherwise unparalleled survival of a trisyllabic form of this word (compare α. forms and sense A. 2) or, as is more likely, an alteration of or error for though-whether adv. (compare the variant reading in MS Vespasian):a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 11009 Þair moderis aqueþer [Vesp. þo-queþer] bath milde [Trin. Cambr. Her boþe modris þat were mylde], ȝode at anes with þaire childe. N.E.D. (1903) gives the pronunciation as (ɑu·ðəɹ, ǫ·ðəɹ) /ˈaʊðə(r)/ /ˈɒðə(r)/. Now Scottish and English regional (northern). A. pron. 1. a. One or other (of two); either: = either pron. 5. After the Old English period chiefly northern or north midlands.In quot. OE³: one or another of all, any one whatsoever. ΚΠ eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xiv. 87 Gif he auðer ðissa forlæt. eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) iii. ix. 73 Ær heora aðer mehte on oþrum sige geræcan. OE Riddle 88 27 Wit wæron gesome sæcce to fremmanne; næfre uncer awþer his ellen cyðde, swa wit þære beadwe begen ne onþungan. OE Genesis A (1931) 2468 Ne can þara idesa owðer gieta þurh gebedscipe beorna neawest. OE Paris Psalter (1932) lv. 4 Nis me ege mannes for ahwæðer. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2507 All þatt tatt owwþerr here comm. Off sellþe. & off unnsellþe. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9352 Ær þann þe laferrd iesu crist. Bigann owwþerr to donne. c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) 498 A þet owðer of ham twa ear leose oþer. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 21949 (MED) Ouþer [a1400 Fairf. auþer; a1400 Trin. Cambr. oon] of þaim we most for-ga, For mai na man haue heuens tua. ?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 96 Þai er mykill lesse þan owþer of þe oþer. a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) 2013 Nys man in erthe..Shall trewes sette..Er outher of vs haue other slayne. 1862 C. C. Robinson Dial. Leeds & Neighbourhood 378 Tak orther on'em, which yuh like! 1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. at Owther Ah deean't want owder on 'em. †b. Used anticipatively in Old English to introduce the two (or more) members of an alternative, each of which is introduced by oððe: either (of the two, or of these). Cf. other pron. and n. 1b. Obsolete.In this use āwðer almost has the function of an adverb, i.e. when the alternative members to which it refers are not nouns. It thus resembles the modern either in ‘either on land or on sea’ (except in being followed by oððe, which itself has the place and force of ‘either’).In quot. eOE⁴ āuðer follows the alternative clause: cf. either adv. 4, other conj. 2. ΚΠ eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) vi. xxxiv. 153 Þa oferho[go]de he þæt he him aðer dyde, oþþe wiernde, oþþe tigþade. eOE Metres of Boethius xx. 42 Næs æror ðe ænegu gesceaft þe auht oððe nauht auðer worhte. eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) xl. 137 Ælc [wyrd] is nyt þara þe auðer deð, oððe lærð oððe wyrcð. eOE Laws of Ælfred (Corpus Cambr. 173) Introd. xlix. §9. 46 Ac ða ðe ic gemette awðer [lOE Rochester aþær] oððe on Ines dæge, mines mæges, oððe on Offan, Mercna cyninges, oððe on Æþelbryhtes. OE Acct. Voy. Ohthere & Wulfstan in tr. Orosius Hist. (Tiber.) (1980) i. i. 15 Eal þæt his man aþer oððe ettan oððe erian mæg. lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) xli. 146 Ænig dæl þe him forgifen is auþer oððe hrorum neatum oððe unrorum. lOE King Ælfred tr. St. Augustine Soliloquies (Vitell.) (1922) i. 38 Hwæt wille ic ma cwæðan aðer oððe be mete, oððe be drince, oððe be baðe, oððe be welan, oððe be wyrðscype? 2. Each (of two): = either pron. 1. Also: in early use, frequently in reciprocal relationship with other; = either pron. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [adjective] > each > each of two eithereOE outhera1250 a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 26 Tis is..ful neih idon mid ham þet kumeð so neih to gederes þet ouþer oþer hondlie. c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) 1990 (MED) Aþer askede of oþeres stat. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) v. 86 (MED) Atwen vs two egally to deme..Oure ouþer merit weied in ballaunce. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 38 (MED) Ather luffid other passand wele. 1472 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 24 (MED) Outhir drewe blode of othir. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 2 (MED) In medys the water..be now maide the firmament, And parte ather from othere Water aboue. 1839 J. Rayson Poems 54 Nought there's a wanting, Save summut they lang for—that's outher a man. 1994 A. Kellett Yorks. Dict. 5/2 Awther, either, each. †3. Another; the other; others. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. 2836 (MED) What man that schal with outher dele, He mai noght faile to repente. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 7723 (MED) A holy man were hym leuer tylle..Þan an hundred ouþer mo. a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 36 (MED) Nouþir is wel servaunt to ouþir. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1111 (MED) Outhire out of þe orient sall openly here-efter Vndo þe dreȝt of þi days. B. adj. (determiner). †1. One or other (of two); = either adj. 3. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > [adjective] > one of two > one or other of two outhereOE eitherc1300 eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) i. xiv. 35 [Heora] þeh wurdon feawa to lafe on aðre hand. 1386 in D. Macpherson et al. Rotuli Scotiae (1819) II. 86 That nane of outher syde..sal..be recettit in others bondys. 1405 in H. M. Flasdieck Mittelengl. Originalurkunden (1926) 35 Ȝif..the forsaide newe hauen..breke vp on auther partie. ?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 90^v Ȝif þe wounde haue ouþer lippe the tone hongynge more þen þat oþer, þu moste firste, [etc.]. 1571 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxvi. 78 Bot puneis all the quhilk ye knaw vnclene Of outher blude, and quyte yame for yair meids. ?1856 Halifax Words in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1898) I. 103/1 Tak auther one. 2008 R. Raisin God's Own Country vii. 46 Father was right about the others catching her up for size but he knew sod-all about the nature of awther one and Sal was easy the conniest. †2. Other. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [adjective] > also different otherOE outhera1387 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 67 (MED) Ouþer vnderstondynge bihoueþ of þe ryueres of Paradys þan auctours writeþ. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 3462 Ȝyf þou..lettyst ouþer men..Of here bedys..Or of any ouþer holy þyng, Or of any ouþer gode dede, to telle hyt þe prest behoueþ þe nede. a1400 (?a1325) Medit. on Supper of our Lord (Harl.) (1875) 434 (MED) Þou held þe wyser þan any ouþer man. ?a1450 Metrical Life Christ (1977) 42 (MED) Howsoeuer he saye, He schal be fals by ouþer way. 3. Each (of two); = either adj. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > two > [adjective] > both either bothOE boc1000 botha1225 eitherc1300 outhera1450 a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) 4633 (MED) Owther parte hath matere to conpleyne. a1475 Bk. Curtasye (Sloane 1986) l. 689 in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 322 At aþer ende he [sc. the pantere] castes a cope, Layde downe on borde, þe endys plyed vp. 1477 Indenture in Yorks. Archæol. Jrnl. (1891) 11 397 In witness whereof owther party enterchangeably to this present wrytyng hath put to their seales. 1555 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1871) II. 214 The Freir Wynd heid an ather syde of the trans of the Hie gait. 1859 ‘T. Treddlehoyle’ Bairnsla Foaks' Ann. 22 An a orange a awther side on it face, to mack it look bonny. 1962 Southern Annual 18 Wi' that he slippit off his clogs, and, pittin' yin under owther oxter, Bob [etc.]. 2001 Summer Bull. Yorks. Dial. Soc. 48 6 It wor cut inta layers wi a wire wi a annle at awther end. C. adv. 1. In correlative constructions with a conjunction: = either adv. 3. †a. Correlative with oððe. Only in Old English. Obsolete. ΚΠ OE Homily: De Temporibus Anticristi (Corpus Cambr. 419) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 200 He forbyt ælcum men aðor to bycganne oððe to syllanne, butan he on his foranheafde habbe his mearce. OE Homily: Sermo Bone Praedicatio (Otho B.x) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 303 Þæt nan cristen man ne mote his ælmessan ahwæþer behatan oððe to bringan.., buton to Criste sylfum. b. Correlative with or (in later use Scottish and English regional (northern)), †other. Cf. sense A. 1b. ΚΠ c1275 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo.:Morton) 22 From ouþer Compelin oðer Preciosa beo iseid, holdeð silence. a1350 in R. H. Robbins Secular Lyrics 14th & 15th Cent. (1952) 7 Wer þer ouþer in þis toun ale or wy[n] isch hit wolde bugge to lemmon myn. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) 2 Kings xv. 21 In what euer place þou were my lord kyng, ouþer in deþ or in lijf, þer schal ben þi seruaunt. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iii. 1583 Owther schal he deie or I Withinne a while. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 702 (MED) Wonde þer bot lyte Þat auþer God oþer gome wyth goud hert louied. a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 1651 He es outher clomsed or wode. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 395 This..muste outhir be doon bi hem..or bi othere persoones. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xli. 290 As thowgh it hadde ben Owther led Oþer ston. c1475 (a1400) Sir Amadace (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 42 Authir to gentilmen or to schrewis. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 4 They loue outher you or me. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) ix. v. 171 The chans turnis, ouder to weyll or wo. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 32 Outher in S..or in one of these thre letters T, U or V. 1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 142 Than suld we outher do or die. 1597 A. Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae (ed. 2) 440 Be tane, And outher hurt or slaine. 1609 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1816) IV. 407/1 Auther directlie or covertlie. 1791 J. Learmont Poems Pastoral 172 When fock are outher late or sune Ramjee'd wi' whisky. 1862 C. C. Robinson Dial. Leeds & Neighbourhood 378 Orther goa ur let me goa; which tuh likes. 1893 K. Simpson Jeanie o' Biggersdale 56 To run off wiv owther t'bairns or t'brass. 1925 E. C. Smith Mang Howes 19 A'm owther geetin jaappeet an splairggeet wui dirrt, or dunsht wui folk. 1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. at Owther Owther thoo gans or t'lad gans. Categories » †c. Correlative with outher: see sense D. 1a. Obsolete. 2. Following an alternative clause introduced by or. Cf. either adv. 4. Also: = either adv. 4b. ΚΠ c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 2293 (MED) Gawayn..stode stylle as þe ston oþer a stubbe auþer. a1425 (?a1400) Cloud of Unknowing (Harl. 674) (1944) 24 (MED) Mynde or þinkyng of any creature þat euer God maad, or of any of þeire dedes ouþer, it is a maner of goostly liȝt. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1180 (MED) Comand he þis clerke..rathere to thole Þe mayntenance of þe Messedoyns..Þan þaiem of Persy to pay or to plese authere. 1813 E. Picken Misc. Poems I. 97 They are the warst sight e'er ye saw, At kirk or market owther. 1874 ‘S. Gilpin’ Songs & Ballads Cumberland (ed. 2) II. 66 Anderson wasn't a bad fellow, an' wasn't badly thowt on, owther. 1889 Monthly Chron. North-country Lore & Legend July 331/1 Aa care nowt for yor pigeons, or cuddies, or dogs outher. 1953 Recorded Interview (Brit. Libr. Sound Archive) Survey Eng. Dial.: C908 (MS transcript) Track 42 We had a fussy old school master. He wasn't a bad schoolmaster, outher. †D. conj. = or conj.¹ 1. a. With outher as correlative adverb. Obsolete. ΚΠ lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 675 Hwilc man swa haued behaten to faren to Rome, and he ne muge hit forðian, ouðer for untrumnisse, ouðer for lauerded neode, ouðer for haueleste, ouðer for hwilces cinnes oðer neod. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) 1 Esdras vii. 26 Dom shal ben of hym ouþer in to deþ ouþer in to outlawe. c1395 G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale 1149 Ymaad, outher of chalk outher [c1425 Petworth or ellis] of glas. a1400 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) II. 42 In myraclis..þat Crist dude..outher in hymsilf outher in hise seyntis. a1450 Pater Noster Richard Ermyte (Westm. Sch. 3) (1967) 40 (MED) Þis may be vndirstonden on two maneres, ouþer of þe breed with whiche þe body is susteyned..ouþer of breed þoruȝ þe whiche þe soule is susteyned. a1500 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Wellcome) f. 25^v (MED) If it [sc. choler] be roten, outhir it is in all þe body..outhir it is one stede. b. With whether as correlative adverb. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Judges ix. 2 Wheþer is it bettere to ȝow þat seuenti men, alle þe sonys of Jeroboal, han lordschipe of ȝow ouþer oon man be lord to ȝow? a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) 10779 (MED) Wheþer he wolde ouþer nay he most hir spouse & lede away. 2. Without correlative. Obsolete. ΚΠ lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 777 Cuðbriht geaf þone abbote l punde þær fore, & ilca gear anes nihtes feorme ouðer xxx scyllinga penega. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 656 Ic bidde ealle þa ða æfter me cumen, beon hi mine sunes, beon hi mine breðre, ouþer kyningas þa æfter me cumen. a1350 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 134 Ȝof þer lyþ a loket by er ouþer eȝe Þat mot wiþ worse be wet for lat [read lac] of oþer leȝe. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) 3 Esdras vi. 32 Whoso euere ouer passen any-thing of þese thingis þat ben writen, ouþer despisen..be þei hangid. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) 9662 Wiþouten mercy ouþer [c1460 Laud oþir] reuthe. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 647 Every day in that twelvemonthe he had to do wyth one knyght owther wyth another. c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) 33 (MED) Where do ye dwell, In heuen or in erthe, outher elles in hell? a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) (1946) ii. ix. f. 74 Thare hedis schavin and nocht beld owder bare or lichtlie coverit. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < pron.adj.adv.conj.eOE
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