rachisn.

Brit.

/ˈreɪkɪs/, U.S.

/ˈreɪkᵻs/

Inflections: Plural rachides Brit.

/ˈreɪkɪdiːz/, U.S.

/ˈreɪkᵻdiz/, rachises.

Forms: 1600s– rachis, 1700s– rhachis.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin rachis; French rachis.

Etymology: Partly < post-classical Latin rachis vertebral column or spinal cord (1690 or earlier), main axis of a pinnate leaf or frond (1704; < ancient Greek ῥάχις spine, ridge, outer edge of the arm of the polypus, in Hellenistic Greek also rib (of a leaf) < the same Indo-European base as Lithuanian ražas dry rod (in a bunch or broom)), and partly (in sense 1) < French rachis (1575 in Middle French in this sense, 1774 in sense 3a, 1878 in sense 2c) < ancient Greek ῥάχις (as above).The spelling rhachis conforms more closely to the Greek but is less common. The plural form rachides (compare scientific Latin rachides, plural (1773 or earlier)) is strictly unetymological, as the stem of ancient Greek ῥάχις is not *ῥαχιδ- but ῥαχι-.

†1. Anatomy and Zoology. The vertebral column or spinal cord; the structural axis of the vertebrate body, comprising the spine and the skull; (also) the notochord. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > spine > [noun]

ridgeeOE

ridge boneOE

backbonea1300

chinec1300

rigbonec1400

spinac1400

spinec1400

spine-bonec1400

chine-bone?1533

vertebre1578

vertebre1623

vertebrasa1632

rachis1693

vertebres1696

vertebra1791

vertebral column1828

spinal column1866

1693 tr. S. Blankaart Physical Dict. (ed. 2) 178/2 Rachis, the same with Spina Dorsi.

1719 J. Quincy Lexicon Physico-medicum Rhachis, see Rachis. This is also sometimes used for the spine.

1721 tr. L. Heister Compend. Anat. 42 The Spine of the Back, call'd in Greek Rhachis, is that bony Column, which extended down from the Head to the Fundament, and contains the Spinal Marrow.]

1817 London Med. Repository 8 432 In one, hydatids were found in the sac, formed by the spinal sheath, from the bulb of the brain to the lumbar extremity of the rachis.

1842 W. T. Brande Dict. Sci., Lit. & Art 1011/2 Rachis, a term applied by Illiger and other zoologists to the vertebral column of mammals and birds.

1881 G. Sigerson tr. J. M. Charcot Lect. Dis. Nerv. Syst. v. 71 With respect to the cellulo-adipose tissue of the rachis, this also gives birth to morbid growths.

2. Zoology.

a. In certain marine invertebrates: an axis or branch; esp. a distal branch of a pennatulacean colony, bearing secondary polyps.

ΚΠ

1764 Philos. Trans. 1763 (Royal Soc.) 53 434 (caption) The back of the Red-Sea-Pen, with the rachis or middle part between the fins covered over with a rough skin like shaggreen.

1875 Proc. Royal Soc. 24 213 This ‘visceral mass’ [in the crinoid Antedon]..includes..the prolongation of the axial cord of the stem, from which is given off the generative rachis that passes into each arm.

1895 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 548/1 The general gracefulness exhibited in this group [sc. sea-pens] may be in part inferred from the fact that the terms rachis and pinnules are borrowed from the fernery to describe them.

1956 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 144 483 In Renilla..the whole rachis becomes aglow with a shifting pattern of luminous points.

1996 Biol. Bull. 191 354/1 Colonies of the sea pansy Renilla koellikeri, comprising polyps..rooted in a colonial tissue mass (rachis) prolonged by a peduncle.

b. In a gastropod mollusc: the central or axial part of the radula, typically bearing a median row of teeth (cf. rachidian adj. and n.). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Mollusca > [noun] > mollusc or shell-fish > parts of mollusc

ungulaa1382

mantlea1475

trunk1661

diaphragm1665

lid1681

operculum1681

ear1688

beard1697

corslet1753

scar1793

opercle1808

pleura1826

pallium1834

byssus1835

cephalic ganglia1835–6

opercule1836

lingual ribbon1839

tube1839

cloak1842

test1842

collar1847

testa1847

rachis1851

uncinus1851

land-shell1853

mantle cavity1853

mesopodium1853

propodium1853

radula1853

malacology1854

gill comb1861

pallial cavity1862

tongue-tootha1877

mesopode1877

odontophore1877

pallial chamber1877

shell-gland1877

rasp1879

protopodium1880

ctenidium1883

osphradium1883

shell-sac1883

tooth-ribbon1883

megalaesthete1885

rachidian1900

scungille1953

tentacle-sheath-

1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 27 The tongue, or lingual ribbon, usually forms a triple band, of which the central part is called the rachis.

1866 R. Tate Plain & Easy Acct. Mollusks Great Brit. iii. 50 The central area is called the rachis, and the teeth form usually a single series.

1998 Biol. Bull. 194 228/2 The ancestral characters..are a stereoglossate radula apparatus with a weakly developed rhachis tooth and mineralized lateral teeth.

c. The stem or shaft of a bird's feather, esp. the part bearing the vane (as distinguished from the calamus).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > feather > [noun] > part of

pen1381

quill?a1425

dowlc1535

rib1545

web1575

pilec1600

twill1664

beard1688

pinion1691

vane1713

shaft1748

beardlet1804

medulla1826

barb1835

barbule1835

stem1845

feather-pulp1859

aftershaft1867

barbicel1869

filament1870

vexillum1871

scape1872

rachis1874

harl1877

calamus1878

radius1882

ramus1882

scapus1882

cilia1884

1874 E. Coues Birds Northwest 616 Rhachides of the first two or three primaries pure white.

1908 Condor 10 55/1 In the definitive feather each ridge extends from its proximal insertion on the developing rhachis only a part of the way to the distal end of the feather germ.

1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) xvi. 434 The vexillum, or vane, is the flattened portion of the feather, attached along the sides of the rachis. It is made up of barbs and barbules.

1991 G. Ehrlich Islands, Universe, Home ii. 18 A golden eagle is not golden but black with yellow spots on the neck and wings. Looking at her, I had wondered how feathers—the rachis, vane, and quill—came to be.

d. In certain nematodes: an axial filament of cytoplasm in the gonad, surrounded by germ cell nuclei which progress along the filament as they develop into oogonia or spermatogonia and become detached when mature.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > member of > cord in ovary

rachis1877

1877 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebrated Animals xi. 640 An axile cord of protoplasmic substance—the rhachis—and peripheral masses, each..connected by a stalk with the rhachis.

1940 B. G. Chitwood & M. B. Chitwood Introd. Nematol. x. 139/2 The origin and significance of the rachis is as yet unsettled.

1960 Jrnl. Parasitol. 46 71 Eschricht (1848) observed that the germ cells in the female Ascaris are..grouped around a central axis termed the rachis. This..is not a constant feature of nematodes.

1994 Jrnl. Parasitol. 80 908/2 The rachis in Strongyloides species provides a pathway for the transport into oocytes of molecules synthesized in the giant cells of the vegetative zone.

3. Botany.

a. The main axis of an inflorescence; esp. (in grasses) the axis on which the spikelets are borne (cf. rachilla n.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > inflorescence or collective flower > [noun] > central column or axis

rachis1777

axis1786

1777 W. Curtis Flora Londinensis I. 138 The spiculæ are sessile, diverging from and for the most part placed obliquely to the rachis, sometimes standing on foot-stalks of different lengths.

1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xiii. 152 The teeth of the rachis or receptacle of the spike bearded.

1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 258 Terminal flowers sessile upon a 2- or 3-branched rachis.

1861 S. Thomson Wanderings among Wild Flowers (rev. ed.) ii. 132 The grass blossoms are arranged upon a central stem or rachis.

1904 T. F. Hunt Cereals in Amer. vi. i. 97 The fungus grows..until the wheat plant is about to flower, when the whole spike except the rachis is reduced to a mass of black smut spores.

1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. viii. 184 The main axis of any of these inflorescence types with lateral members inserted on it is likened to the backbone of a fish, or the mid-rib of a feather, and hence is named the rachis.

1995 Garden (Royal Hort. Soc.) Nov. 672/2 The raceme extends, until, by the middle of September, the rachis (stalk) can be as much as 60cm (2ft) long, the remaining flowers and buds occupying the last few centimetres.

b. The main axis of a pinnate leaf or frond.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > [noun] > part or side of > rib or vein

nerve?a1425

ribc1450

vein?c1450

sinew1551

brawn1601

master-vein1658

costa1699

venule1766

pen1773

surculus1775

midrib1793

venule1806

veinlet1807

rachis1830

nervure1842

nerving1854

1830 W. J. Hooker Brit. Flora 442 W[oodsia] ilvensis..; fronds lanceolate pinnate, pinnæ deeply pinnatifid with many oblong segments which are beneath, as well as the rachis and stipes chaffy.

1861 A. Pratt Flowering Plants & Ferns Great Brit. VI. 139 The stalk [of fern] is often called the rachis, but strictly speaking, it is composed of two parts. That part which bears the green leaf is the rachis.

1879 Bot. Gaz. 4 178 The Plumula fronds are very curious in their dried-up state. The rhachis takes a backward bend above the middle as if to prepare for coiling.

1914 C. V. Piper Forage Plants & their Culture xix. 442 The leaves are pinnate with..one or more pairs of tendrils besides the tip of the rachis, by which the plant clings to supports.

1968 G. R. Cochrane et al. Flowers & Plants of Victoria 171 Wiry rhachises of the Scrambling Coral Fern..branch repeatedly for several feet to form umbrella-like fronds with tiny flattened pinnules.

1990 D. K. Abbiw Useful Plants of Ghana vii. 116 The outer portion of the rachis of Elaeenisis guineensis Oil Palm yields a strong, flexible fibre.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	rachis
释义	rachisn. Brit. /ˈreɪkɪs/, U.S. /ˈreɪkᵻs/ Inflections: Plural rachides Brit. /ˈreɪkɪdiːz/, U.S. /ˈreɪkᵻdiz/, rachises. Forms: 1600s– rachis, 1700s– rhachis. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin rachis; French rachis. Etymology: Partly < post-classical Latin rachis vertebral column or spinal cord (1690 or earlier), main axis of a pinnate leaf or frond (1704; < ancient Greek ῥάχις spine, ridge, outer edge of the arm of the polypus, in Hellenistic Greek also rib (of a leaf) < the same Indo-European base as Lithuanian ražas dry rod (in a bunch or broom)), and partly (in sense 1) < French rachis (1575 in Middle French in this sense, 1774 in sense 3a, 1878 in sense 2c) < ancient Greek ῥάχις (as above).The spelling rhachis conforms more closely to the Greek but is less common. The plural form rachides (compare scientific Latin rachides, plural (1773 or earlier)) is strictly unetymological, as the stem of ancient Greek ῥάχις is not ῥαχιδ- but ῥαχι-. †1. Anatomy* and Zoology. The vertebral column or spinal cord; the structural axis of the vertebrate body, comprising the spine and the skull; (also) the notochord. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > spine > [noun] ridgeeOE ridge boneOE backbonea1300 chinec1300 rigbonec1400 spinac1400 spinec1400 spine-bonec1400 chine-bone?1533 vertebre1578 vertebre1623 vertebrasa1632 rachis1693 vertebres1696 vertebra1791 vertebral column1828 spinal column1866 1693 tr. S. Blankaart Physical Dict. (ed. 2) 178/2 Rachis, the same with Spina Dorsi. 1719 J. Quincy Lexicon Physico-medicum Rhachis, see Rachis. This is also sometimes used for the spine. 1721 tr. L. Heister Compend. Anat. 42 The Spine of the Back, call'd in Greek Rhachis, is that bony Column, which extended down from the Head to the Fundament, and contains the Spinal Marrow.] 1817 London Med. Repository 8 432 In one, hydatids were found in the sac, formed by the spinal sheath, from the bulb of the brain to the lumbar extremity of the rachis. 1842 W. T. Brande Dict. Sci., Lit. & Art 1011/2 Rachis, a term applied by Illiger and other zoologists to the vertebral column of mammals and birds. 1881 G. Sigerson tr. J. M. Charcot Lect. Dis. Nerv. Syst. v. 71 With respect to the cellulo-adipose tissue of the rachis, this also gives birth to morbid growths. 2. Zoology. a. In certain marine invertebrates: an axis or branch; esp. a distal branch of a pennatulacean colony, bearing secondary polyps. ΚΠ 1764 Philos. Trans. 1763 (Royal Soc.) 53 434 (caption) The back of the Red-Sea-Pen, with the rachis or middle part between the fins covered over with a rough skin like shaggreen. 1875 Proc. Royal Soc. 24 213 This ‘visceral mass’ [in the crinoid Antedon]..includes..the prolongation of the axial cord of the stem, from which is given off the generative rachis that passes into each arm. 1895 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 548/1 The general gracefulness exhibited in this group [sc. sea-pens] may be in part inferred from the fact that the terms rachis and pinnules are borrowed from the fernery to describe them. 1956 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 144 483 In Renilla..the whole rachis becomes aglow with a shifting pattern of luminous points. 1996 Biol. Bull. 191 354/1 Colonies of the sea pansy Renilla koellikeri, comprising polyps..rooted in a colonial tissue mass (rachis) prolonged by a peduncle. b. In a gastropod mollusc: the central or axial part of the radula, typically bearing a median row of teeth (cf. rachidian adj. and n.). Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Mollusca > [noun] > mollusc or shell-fish > parts of mollusc ungulaa1382 mantlea1475 trunk1661 diaphragm1665 lid1681 operculum1681 ear1688 beard1697 corslet1753 scar1793 opercle1808 pleura1826 pallium1834 byssus1835 cephalic ganglia1835–6 opercule1836 lingual ribbon1839 tube1839 cloak1842 test1842 collar1847 testa1847 rachis1851 uncinus1851 land-shell1853 mantle cavity1853 mesopodium1853 propodium1853 radula1853 malacology1854 gill comb1861 pallial cavity1862 tongue-tootha1877 mesopode1877 odontophore1877 pallial chamber1877 shell-gland1877 rasp1879 protopodium1880 ctenidium1883 osphradium1883 shell-sac1883 tooth-ribbon1883 megalaesthete1885 rachidian1900 scungille1953 tentacle-sheath- 1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 27 The tongue, or lingual ribbon, usually forms a triple band, of which the central part is called the rachis. 1866 R. Tate Plain & Easy Acct. Mollusks Great Brit. iii. 50 The central area is called the rachis, and the teeth form usually a single series. 1998 Biol. Bull. 194 228/2 The ancestral characters..are a stereoglossate radula apparatus with a weakly developed rhachis tooth and mineralized lateral teeth. c. The stem or shaft of a bird's feather, esp. the part bearing the vane (as distinguished from the calamus). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > feather > [noun] > part of pen1381 quill?a1425 dowlc1535 rib1545 web1575 pilec1600 twill1664 beard1688 pinion1691 vane1713 shaft1748 beardlet1804 medulla1826 barb1835 barbule1835 stem1845 feather-pulp1859 aftershaft1867 barbicel1869 filament1870 vexillum1871 scape1872 rachis1874 harl1877 calamus1878 radius1882 ramus1882 scapus1882 cilia1884 1874 E. Coues Birds Northwest 616 Rhachides of the first two or three primaries pure white. 1908 Condor 10 55/1 In the definitive feather each ridge extends from its proximal insertion on the developing rhachis only a part of the way to the distal end of the feather germ. 1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) xvi. 434 The vexillum, or vane, is the flattened portion of the feather, attached along the sides of the rachis. It is made up of barbs and barbules. 1991 G. Ehrlich Islands, Universe, Home ii. 18 A golden eagle is not golden but black with yellow spots on the neck and wings. Looking at her, I had wondered how feathers—the rachis, vane, and quill—came to be. d. In certain nematodes: an axial filament of cytoplasm in the gonad, surrounded by germ cell nuclei which progress along the filament as they develop into oogonia or spermatogonia and become detached when mature. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > member of > cord in ovary rachis1877 1877 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebrated Animals xi. 640 An axile cord of protoplasmic substance—the rhachis—and peripheral masses, each..connected by a stalk with the rhachis. 1940 B. G. Chitwood & M. B. Chitwood Introd. Nematol. x. 139/2 The origin and significance of the rachis is as yet unsettled. 1960 Jrnl. Parasitol. 46 71 Eschricht (1848) observed that the germ cells in the female Ascaris are..grouped around a central axis termed the rachis. This..is not a constant feature of nematodes. 1994 Jrnl. Parasitol. 80 908/2 The rachis in Strongyloides species provides a pathway for the transport into oocytes of molecules synthesized in the giant cells of the vegetative zone. 3. Botany. a. The main axis of an inflorescence; esp. (in grasses) the axis on which the spikelets are borne (cf. rachilla n.). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > inflorescence or collective flower > [noun] > central column or axis rachis1777 axis1786 1777 W. Curtis Flora Londinensis I. 138 The spiculæ are sessile, diverging from and for the most part placed obliquely to the rachis, sometimes standing on foot-stalks of different lengths. 1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xiii. 152 The teeth of the rachis or receptacle of the spike bearded. 1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 258 Terminal flowers sessile upon a 2- or 3-branched rachis. 1861 S. Thomson Wanderings among Wild Flowers (rev. ed.) ii. 132 The grass blossoms are arranged upon a central stem or rachis. 1904 T. F. Hunt Cereals in Amer. vi. i. 97 The fungus grows..until the wheat plant is about to flower, when the whole spike except the rachis is reduced to a mass of black smut spores. 1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. viii. 184 The main axis of any of these inflorescence types with lateral members inserted on it is likened to the backbone of a fish, or the mid-rib of a feather, and hence is named the rachis. 1995 Garden (Royal Hort. Soc.) Nov. 672/2 The raceme extends, until, by the middle of September, the rachis (stalk) can be as much as 60cm (2ft) long, the remaining flowers and buds occupying the last few centimetres. b. The main axis of a pinnate leaf or frond. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > [noun] > part or side of > rib or vein nerve?a1425 ribc1450 vein?c1450 sinew1551 brawn1601 master-vein1658 costa1699 venule1766 pen1773 surculus1775 midrib1793 venule1806 veinlet1807 rachis1830 nervure1842 nerving1854 1830 W. J. Hooker Brit. Flora 442 W[oodsia] ilvensis..; fronds lanceolate pinnate, pinnæ deeply pinnatifid with many oblong segments which are beneath, as well as the rachis and stipes chaffy. 1861 A. Pratt Flowering Plants & Ferns Great Brit. VI. 139 The stalk [of fern] is often called the rachis, but strictly speaking, it is composed of two parts. That part which bears the green leaf is the rachis. 1879 Bot. Gaz. 4 178 The Plumula fronds are very curious in their dried-up state. The rhachis takes a backward bend above the middle as if to prepare for coiling. 1914 C. V. Piper Forage Plants & their Culture xix. 442 The leaves are pinnate with..one or more pairs of tendrils besides the tip of the rachis, by which the plant clings to supports. 1968 G. R. Cochrane et al. Flowers & Plants of Victoria 171 Wiry rhachises of the Scrambling Coral Fern..branch repeatedly for several feet to form umbrella-like fronds with tiny flattened pinnules. 1990 D. K. Abbiw Useful Plants of Ghana vii. 116 The outer portion of the rachis of Elaeenisis guineensis Oil Palm yields a strong, flexible fibre. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1693
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