rudn.¹

Brit.

/rʌd/, U.S.

/rəd/

Forms:

α. Old English rudu, Middle English rude, 1900s– roud (English regional (Yorkshire)); Scottish pre-1700 1700s–1800s rude.

β. Middle English rod, Middle English roddys (plural), Middle English (1800s English regional (northern)) rode.

γ. late Middle English–1500s rudde, late Middle English– rud, 1500s–1600s 1800s– rudd.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Icelandic roði , Norwegian rode , Swedish regional rudi , ruda , roda < an ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the Indo-European base of red adj. (compare the foreign-language forms cited at that entry). Compare later red n. Compare also reod adj.In Old English a strong feminine, whereas the Scandinavian cognates inflect as weak masculine. The γ. forms are attested earlier as a surname: Gerard Rudde (1189), Johannes Rudde (1269), Willelmus Rudde (1279), etc.

Now rare (archaic and English regional in later use).

1. Red colour, esp. of the complexion or lips; redness; ruddiness. rare after 16th cent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > [noun]

rednesseOE

rudOE

red?c1225

ruddya1387

ruddinessa1398

gulesa1400

rothumc1400

ruddeningc1400

ruddonc1400

rouge1437

rubor?a1450

rossome1527

Mars1572

rubedinousness1599

reddiness1611

scarletness1611

rubetude1657

floridity1713

erubescence1736

floridness1776

fiery1847

raddle1860

α.

OE Aldhelm Glosses (Corpus Cambr. 326) in Eng. Stud. (1975) 56 487 [Purpureus genarum] rubor : rudu, read[nes].

OE tr. Apollonius of Tyre (1958) xxi. 34 Ða geseah se cyngc þæt Apollonius mid rosan rude wæs eal oferbræded.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 246 Þe rude of monnes neb þe richt seið hise sunnen.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 443 Þe rose also mid hire rude Þat cumeþ ut of þe þorne wode.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid xii. ii. 29 Lavinia..Hir moderis wordis felt deip in hir hert, So that the rude dyd hyr vissage glow.

β. a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 44 (MED) Þe rose rayleþ hire rode, þe leues..waxen al wiþ wille.a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vi. 773 (MED) He seth hire rode upon the cheke.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) 18841 (MED) His visage sumdel wiþ rode was blende.a1450 St. Etheldreda (Faust.) l. 843 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 301 (MED) Hurre lures weron white, as ony lely floure, Y-meynde with rod ryȝt, as hit was best, And hurre body was of þe same coloure.a1500 (c1400) St. Erkenwald (1977) l. 91 Wyt ronke rode as þe rose, and two rede lippes.γ. c1475 Advice to Lovers in J. O. Halliwell Select. Minor Poems J. Lydgate (1840) 32 (MED) Farwele the rudde that was upon thi lippes.?1529 R. Hyrde tr. J. L. Vives Instr. Christen Woman i. ix. sig. I.ij The one countrefaiteth the rudde of precious stones in the lyppes, the other whitnes of face & necke.c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 3048 Hir chekes full choise, as the chalke white, As the rose was the rud þat raiked hom in.1565 T. Stapleton tr. Bede Hist. Church Eng. i. i. f. 13 The dye of crymson, whose rudd will be appalled nether with heate of sonne nether with wette of wether.1898 G. Meredith Poems I. 94 When mantles a tender rud In maids that of youths have sight.1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 250/1 Rud, a rich but bright orangy-red, the colour of very old red-russet stained glass windows when the sun is shining through them.

2. The complexion, esp. of the cheeks.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > redness > [noun] > with health

rudOE

colourc1330

ruddinessa1398

rosec1425

livelihood1566

glowa1616

quickness1656

α.

OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 166 Uultus, andwlita uel rudu.

a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 35 (MED) His bodi..Wes..al to-rend, His rude wes worþen grene.

a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 2 (MED) Mi brune her is hwit bicume..& mi tohte rude iturned al in-to oðre dehe.

a1505 R. Henryson Orpheus & Eurydice 354 in Poems (1981) 144 Quhare is thy rude as rose wyth chekis quhite.

1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 262 As ony ross hir rude wes reid.

1836 J. M. Wilson Hist. Tales Borders IV. 34 Yon bloomin hizzy wi' the rose rude.

β. a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 1 (MED) Nou goth sonne vnder wod, me reweth, marie, þi faire Rode.a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 31 Hire rode is ase rose þat red is on rys.c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 131 His rode was reed.c1440 Sir Degrevant (Thornton) (1949) 534 (MED) Scho es warre and wysse, Hir rod as þe rose on ryse.a1475 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Harl.) (1927) l. 1582f (MED) Often he menys þat lovesum May..Here rode rede as blosom on the brere.c1600 (c1350) Alisaunder (Greaves) (1929) 178 Rose-red was hur rode, full riall of schape.γ. c1415 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Lansd.) (1870) l. 3317 His rud [c1425 Petworth rudde] was rede.a1425 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 211 (MED) My rud was reed, my colour clere.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 391 (MED) Youre rud, that was so red, youre lyre the lylly lyke, Then shall be wan as led.1519 W. Horman Vulgaria xviii. f. 169 They whyte theyr face,..with cerusse: and theyr lyppis and ruddis with purpurisse.a1529 J. Skelton Ballad in Wks. (1843) I. 25 Your ruddys wyth ruddy rubys may compare.c1650 (a1450) Death & Life l. 66 in Reliques Anc. Eng. Poetry (1765) II. 265 Shee was brighter of her blee, Then was the bright sonn: Her rudd redder then the rose, that on the rise hangeth.1867 L. Jewitt Ballads Derbyshire 23 That lady so fair and free With rudd as red as rose in May.1906 C. M. Doughty Dawn in Brit. I. ii. 68 Her rud as apple blossoms, vermeil-white, Her locks..Like sunny rays.

†a. A red cosmetic. Obsolete.In quot. OE rendering Latin (Vulgate) stibium stibium n. (2 Kings 9:30), which in post-classical Latin occasionally denotes a red cosmetic rather than a black one (early 8th cent. in British sources).

ΚΠ

α.

OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Kings (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1881) I. 404 Gezabel þe..stod uppon anre upflora ænlice geglencged, and gehiwode hire eagan and hire neb mid rude [L. depinxit oculos suos stibio et ornavit caput suum] togeanes Hieu.

γ. 1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. xlvi. f. 278 [She] began to recolour her bleake and pale face, with a vermelion teint and Roseal rudde.1571 H. G. tr. G. Boccaccio Thirtene Plesant & Delectable Questions v. sig. F.iii^v She, whose face was throughe this occasion paynted with a new rudde..beganne with many excuses to endeuor hir selfe to make me beleeue the contrary of that which I had conceiued.

b. Chiefly English regional (northern). Esp. in sheep farming: = ruddle n.¹ Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the skin or complexion > [noun] > preparations for the skin or complexion > paints or colours > reddening

reda1398

cloth of Levant1497

red leather1545

safflower1583

cheek-varnish1598

vermilion1600

rubric1650

rud1651

Spanish wool1678

French reda1680

saffranon1731

French rouge?1745

rouge1746

γ.

1651 R. Child Large Let. in S. Hartlib Legacie 84 Here is found..white and yellow Marle, Plaister, Oker, Rudd, [etc.].

1691 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Words (ed. 2) 136 Rud, a sort of Blood-stone used in marking Sheep; from the red colour.

1770 T. Bridges Burlesque Transl. Homer (ed. 3) II. xi. 188 Jove..mix'd a shower of rain with rud, To make 'em think it rain'd sheer blood.

1811 W. Watson Delineation Strata of Derbyshire 67 (note) In a decomposed state it [sc. bloodstone] is used to mark Sheep with a red colour, and called Rud or Raddle.

1840 Penny Mag. Nov. 466/2 When they [sc. the sheep] have been salved, they have to be distinctly re-marked—which is commonly done with both tar and rud or ruddle.

1895 T. Ellwood Lakeland & Iceland 79 The smit marked upon the sheep with this Rud or Ruddle is generally the initial letter or letters of the owner's name.

1931 H. Walpole Judith Paris ii. 358 An old man..held the marking iron and the rudd stick.

Compounds

rud-red adj. chiefly poetic ruddy.

ΚΠ

1765 Marriage of Sir Gawaine lxv, in T. Percy Reliques III. i. ii. 22 Sweet blushes stayn'd her rud-red cheeke.

1820 Analectic Mag. July 61 Her eyes were large, and of a velvet black,..and her cheeks rud-red.

1918 D. L. Durkin Fighting Men of Canada 51 The rud-red drops of a rising day Leap in the veins of men.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

† rudn.²

Forms:

α. Middle English rodde, Middle English rode, Middle English rude, late Middle English rod, late Middle English–1600s 1800s rudde, 1600s 1800s rud.

β. late Middle English roode.

Origin: Apparently a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: rud n.¹

Etymology: Apparently a specific use of rud n.¹, on account of the golden colour of the flowers (this having formerly been part of the semantic range of red : compare the note at red adj. 1a, and also red n. 3).The fuller name Saint Mary rud (c1300) was probably originally formed similarly to Seynte Marie gold (a1500 or earlier: see marigold n.), by combining the name of the Virgin Mary with a colour word (rather than with a plant name). With the use of the name of the Virgin Mary compare post-classical Latin herba Sanctae Mariae (a1500 or earlier in this sense; late 13th cent. or earlier in sense ‘tansy’). In β. forms perhaps influenced by association with rood n., perhaps on account of a reinterpretation of Seint Mari rode , variant of Saint Mary rud (compare the α. forms at rodewort n.). Compare also the occasional use of red in with reference to this plant (compare redwort n.):?a1350 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 60 [Calendula] gallice solsicle, anglice rede flour vel golde.a1500 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 242 [Solsequium] goldwort, rede, holygold, rodewwrt oþer goldis.

Obsolete.

Chiefly in plural. The pot marigold, Calendula officinalis (cf. rodewort n.); (perhaps also) the corn marigold, Glebionis segetum (formerly a member of the genus Chrysanthemum). In early use also more fully Saint Mary rud.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > composite flowers > marigold

goldOE

rudc1300

gold flowera1325

solseclea1350

rodeworta1398

marigolda1400

yellow-bottlea1400

yellow goldc1405

soussiea1425

solsequium1540

soucyc1550

sun's flower1568

solsequya1680

pot marigold1760

tagetes1792

calendula1871

c1300 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 242 [Solsequium] anglice rude.

c1300 in T. Hunt Pop. Med. 13th-cent. Eng. (1990) v. 263 Recipe betoyn, maddyr, roddis, bugyl, halfewodde ana.

a1325 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 131 [Gratia Dei] seynt Marie rode.

?a1350 MS Sloane 5 f. 9^v, in Middle Eng. Dict. at Seint(e Oculus Christi, calendula, solsequium..Seynte Marie rode.

a1400 Alphita (Selden) (1887) 88 Kalendula, sponsa solis,..golduurt uel rodes.

c1450 in W. R. Dawson Leechbk. (1934) 326 (MED) Forto distroy the pestulence: Take dragance, turmentill, pympernoll, tansay..burnell, scabiose, ruddis, femytory, of ech an handfull.

a1500 Agnus Castus (Balliol Coll.) (1950) 203 (MED) Solseqium ys an herbe þat me clapyth Roddys or marigoldys; he beryth a ȝelowe flowre.

a1500 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 61 [Calendula] seynt Marye rude.

1526 Grete Herball cxxxi. sig. Hv/2 Calendula is an herbe called ruddes.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 163 They be now called..in English Marygoldes, and Ruddes.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 20 Some take it [sc. Heliotropium] for Ruds or Wert-wort: others for Turnsol, or the Marygold.

1647 H. Hexham Copious Eng. & Netherduytch Dict. (Herbs) Ruddes, or Marigolds, goudt-bloemen.

1863 in Isle of Wight Gloss. (1881) 52 Among greens, small fruits, and ruds.

1879 R. C. A. Prior On Pop. Names Brit. Plants (ed. 3) 202 Ruddes, a name that should mean a red or ruddy flower, and is hardly applicable to a yellow one, such as the marigold to which it is given.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

rudn.³

Brit.

/rʌd/, U.S.

/rəd/, Scottish English

/rʌd/

Forms: Scottish pre-1700 1700s– rude, pre-1700 1900s– rod, pre-1700 1900s– roid, 1800s– rud, 1900s– root, 1900s– ruth, 1900s– ruthe; English regional (northern) 1700s–1800s rudd, 1800s– rud.

Origin: Of uncertain origin.

Etymology: Origin uncertain; apparently related to (later) redd n.² although the relationship between the forms is difficult to account for. Compare rodding n.¹ Compare later roud n.Compare the following related verb with a different localization; compare also later roud v., rood v.1577 Arte of Angling sig. E.iiii^v But in winter..until the fishe goe to rode, the red worme is very good.

Scottish and English regional (northern).

†1. The act of spawning. Frequently in on (also upon) the rudCf. roud n. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1496 in Proc. Orkney Antiquarian Soc. (1925) 3 52 Twiching the bigging of ane myll..on the rod water benewth the said Williame.

1794 W. Hutchinson Hist. Cumberland I. 459 They [sc. salmon] will take a bait of roe, or small fish, while upon the rudd, or laying their spawn.

1893 Eastern Daily Press (Norwich) 20 Jan. 3/4 Although the rudd are here called roud, yet all Broadland fishes are said to be on the roud (not round) when spawning.

2. The spawn of a frog or toad (also toad rud).See also paddock rud n. at paddock n.¹ Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 211 Thou come..till a pule and drank the padock rod.

1783 F. C. Waldron Contin. B. Jonson's Sad Shepherd iii. 70 Here's snake-weed, paddock-rude, and cuckow-spit.

1850 S. Bamford Dial. S. Lancs. Gloss. 215 Twod-rudd, the spawn of toads.

1887 T. Darlington Folk-speech S. Cheshire Rud,..spawn of toads or frogs.

1977 J. Y. Mather & H. H. Speitel Ling. Atlas Scotl. II. 99 Frogs' eggs or spawn, [Lanarkshire] paddock rod,..[Dumfriesshire] paddock roid, puddock roid,..[Kirkcudbrightshire] paddock rud.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† rudn.⁴

Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: reed n.²

Etymology: Origin uncertain; perhaps a regional variant of reed n.², although the relationship between the forms is difficult to account for. Compare earlier roddikin n.Only in the work of the Staffordshire-born zoologist W. C. L. Martin.

Obsolete. rare.

The abomasum (fourth stomach) of a ruminant.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > internal organs and systems > [noun] > stomach

reedeOE

maweOE

craw1574

ventricle1575

gizzard1776

rud1841

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > [noun] > ruminant > parts of > stomach > fourth

reedeOE

maweOE

roddikin1512

earning bag1611

cheeselip-bag1615

abomasus1668

abomasum1678

cheeselip skin1788

rennet stomach1840

rud1841

1841 W. C. L. Martin Gen. Introd Nat. Hist. Mammiferous Animals 136 Lastly, the abomasum, or rud.., in which digestion really takes place.

1847 W. C. L. Martin Ox 2/1 The huge paunch..is, at this early period, far less capacious than the fourth stomach, or rud.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2019).

rudv.¹

Brit.

/rʌd/, U.S.

/rəd/

Forms: Old English rudian, Middle English rodye, 1500s– rud, 1600s rudd. Past tense Middle English roddede, Middle English ruddede, Middle English ruddite, Middle English ruddud. Past participle early Middle English iruded, early Middle English irudet, Middle English roded, Middle English yrudded.

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rud n.¹

Etymology: < rud n.¹ Compare ruddy adj. and red v.¹ Compare also rudden v. (and the Scandinavian forms cited at that entry). With sense 2 compare earlier ruddle v.

†a. intransitive. (a) To be red. (b) To become or grow red. Obsolete.In quot. c1400 the word is transitive in the variant reading roded were from the Laud MS (see quot. a1400 at sense 1b); in some other variant readings apparently confused with rud v.²

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > redness > [verb (intransitive)] > blush

redOE

rudOE

glowc1386

blushc1450

colour1616

paint1631

reddena1648

vermilion1699

mantle1707

flush1709

crimson1780

rouge1780

ruddy1845

smoke1862

mount1894

rose1922

OE Homily: De Sancto Iohanne (Corpus Cambr. 198) in Englische Studien (1885) 8 478 And him an ræd hiow rudaþ [lOE Vesp. D.xiv rudeð] on þam ricge, goldfylle gelic glitonaþ Fenix.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xvi. 108 Ich sat stille, as pacience wolde, and thus sone þis doctour, As rody as a rose roddede [v.rr. ruddede, ruddite, roded were; B. v.rr. ruddud, gan rodye, rubbede] hus chekes, Kowede and carpede and conscience hym herde.

b. transitive. To make red or ruddy; to redden. Usually in passive. Chiefly archaic and English regional (northern) in later use.With quot. a1400 compare quot. c1400 at sense 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > making or becoming red > make red [verb (transitive)]

red?c1225

rud?c1225

rubifyc1450

inflame1477

keel1508

redden1552

rubrify1587

fire1597

blusha1616

over-reda1616

ruddy1689

rouge1815

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 40 Þeo..beoð for godes luue wið hare aȝen blod irudet [a1250 Nero iruded] & ireaded aswere þe martirs.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 246 Ischrift þe cwike rude oðe neb deð to understonden þet þesaule þe..nefde bute dead heow. haueð icacht cwich heow & is iruded feire.

a1400 W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 656) (1873) C. xvi. 108 Roded were [c1400 Huntington HM 137 As rody as a rose roddede hus chekes].

1595 E. Spenser Epithalamion in Amoretti & Epithalamion x. sig. G8^v Her cheekes lyke apples which the sun hath rudded.

1609 T. Heywood Troia Britanica iii. lvi Many an anticke flake With rich Inamell azure green and Rudded.

?a1700 in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Ballads (1858) VI. 146 It's little matter what they do now, My life-blood rudds the heather brown.

1794 E. Jerningham Siege of Berwick ii. 28 Thus the pale cheek of hungry fame is flush'd And rudded o'er with the false glow of duty.

1846 ‘J. Treenoodle’ Specimens Cornish Provinc. Dial. 54 There were the doctor as they caal'd un with a three-corner piked hat, and es feace all rudded and whited.

1849 H. Bliss Philip the Second v. i. 102 As if his hate had ever brooked control, Or ceased to urge the moment morn shall rud.

1906 C. M. Doughty Dawn in Brit. VI. xxiii. 143 Glad-eyed children, lo, with gleeful voice, Dancing in round; whose cheeks like apples rudded.

2008 S. Gulland Mistress of Sun ii. 89 His eyes were hazel, and his skin was dark, much rudded by the sun.

2. transitive. Chiefly English regional (northern). In sheep farming: to mark (a sheep) with ruddle. Cf. rud n.¹ 3b.figurative in quot. 1890; cf. to return to one's muttons at mutton n. Phrases 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > making or becoming red > make red [verb (transitive)] > with dye, stain, or pigment

purple?a1475

ruddle1538

bloody1590

sanguine1591

scutchanele1596

vermeil1596

vermilion1606

gule1609

incarnadinea1616

raddle1631

vermilion1656

bow-dyea1658

reddle1663

miniate1670

rud1680

tiver1792

red-ochre1805

roucou1817

vermilionize1854

red-lead1871

1680 T. Whittingham Diary 25 Mar. in C. B. Robinson Rural Econ. Yorks. (1857) 156 Put to the fell and rudded 55 weathers.

1832 J. Wilson in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 186/2 In many parts..is the finest soft red ore, used for what is called smitting (rudding or marking) the sheep.

1890 Notes & Queries 27 Dec. 508/2 In returning to our muttons it might be well to see that they are properly rudded.

2007 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 7 Jan. (Features section) 25 When a tup mounts a ewe it ruds it, that is, leaves a coloured mark on its hindquarters.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† rudv.²

Forms: Middle English rodde, Middle English rudde, Middle English rude, Middle English rwdded (past participle), 1800s rud (English regional (Devon)).

Origin: Of unknown origin.

Etymology: Origin unknown. Compare slightly later rub v.¹

Obsolete (English regional (Devon) in later use).

transitive. To rub.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > rubbing or friction > rub [verb (transitive)]

gnidec1000

frot?c1225

gnoddec1230

rudc1300

ruba1325

wipe1362

freta1400

labour?a1475

wrive1481

scrud1483

chafe1526

friga1529

fricace1579

perfricate1598

affricate1656

fricate1716

frictionize1853

c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) l. 175 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 498 Fet & honde..He ruddede [c1300 Laud roddede] aniȝt wiþ his here.

c1300 St. George (Laud) 42 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 295 (MED) Huy..with a clout of here roddeden [Corpus Cambr. rodde] þe woundes faste.

a1325 SS. Simon & Jude (Corpus Cambr.) l. 68 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 451 (MED) Sein Iude nom þat holy writ þat oure Louerd him er sende And roddede þerwiþ is sike lich.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. xcvii. 988 [The flax] is þanne..yruddid [a1450 Bodl. irudded, 1495 de Worde rodded] and ygnoddid, yribbed and yhecchelid and ysponne.

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 438 (MED) Ruddon [Winch. ruddone], idem quod rubbyn.

a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 239 (MED) He sholde rude his gomes with lewys of trenne.

1847 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words II Rud,..(4) To rub; to polish. Devon.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

n.¹OE

n.²c1300

n.³1496

n.⁴1841

v.¹OE

v.²c1300

单词	rud
释义	rudn.¹ Brit. /rʌd/, U.S. /rəd/ Forms: α. Old English rudu, Middle English rude, 1900s– roud (English regional (Yorkshire)); Scottish pre-1700 1700s–1800s rude. β. Middle English rod, Middle English roddys (plural), Middle English (1800s English regional (northern)) rode. γ. late Middle English–1500s rudde, late Middle English– rud, 1500s–1600s 1800s– rudd. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Icelandic roði , Norwegian rode , Swedish regional rudi , ruda , roda < an ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the Indo-European base of red adj. (compare the foreign-language forms cited at that entry). Compare later red n. Compare also reod adj.In Old English a strong feminine, whereas the Scandinavian cognates inflect as weak masculine. The γ. forms are attested earlier as a surname: Gerard Rudde (1189), Johannes Rudde (1269), Willelmus Rudde (1279), etc. Now rare (archaic and English regional in later use). 1. Red colour, esp. of the complexion or lips; redness; ruddiness. rare after 16th cent. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > [noun] rednesseOE rudOE red?c1225 ruddya1387 ruddinessa1398 gulesa1400 rothumc1400 ruddeningc1400 ruddonc1400 rouge1437 rubor?a1450 rossome1527 Mars1572 rubedinousness1599 reddiness1611 scarletness1611 rubetude1657 floridity1713 erubescence1736 floridness1776 fiery1847 raddle1860 α. OE Aldhelm Glosses (Corpus Cambr. 326) in Eng. Stud. (1975) 56 487 [Purpureus genarum] rubor : rudu, read[nes]. OE tr. Apollonius of Tyre (1958) xxi. 34 Ða geseah se cyngc þæt Apollonius mid rosan rude wæs eal oferbræded. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 246 Þe rude of monnes neb þe richt seið hise sunnen. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 443 Þe rose also mid hire rude Þat cumeþ ut of þe þorne wode. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid xii. ii. 29 Lavinia..Hir moderis wordis felt deip in hir hert, So that the rude dyd hyr vissage glow. β. a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 44 (MED) Þe rose rayleþ hire rode, þe leues..waxen al wiþ wille.a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vi. 773 (MED) He seth hire rode upon the cheke.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) 18841 (MED) His visage sumdel wiþ rode was blende.a1450 St. Etheldreda (Faust.) l. 843 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 301 (MED) Hurre lures weron white, as ony lely floure, Y-meynde with rod ryȝt, as hit was best, And hurre body was of þe same coloure.a1500 (c1400) St. Erkenwald (1977) l. 91 Wyt ronke rode as þe rose, and two rede lippes.γ. c1475 Advice to Lovers in J. O. Halliwell Select. Minor Poems J. Lydgate (1840) 32 (MED) Farwele the rudde that was upon thi lippes.?1529 R. Hyrde tr. J. L. Vives Instr. Christen Woman i. ix. sig. I.ij The one countrefaiteth the rudde of precious stones in the lyppes, the other whitnes of face & necke.c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 3048 Hir chekes full choise, as the chalke white, As the rose was the rud þat raiked hom in.1565 T. Stapleton tr. Bede Hist. Church Eng. i. i. f. 13 The dye of crymson, whose rudd will be appalled nether with heate of sonne nether with wette of wether.1898 G. Meredith Poems I. 94 When mantles a tender rud In maids that of youths have sight.1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 250/1 Rud, a rich but bright orangy-red, the colour of very old red-russet stained glass windows when the sun is shining through them. 2. The complexion, esp. of the cheeks. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > redness > [noun] > with health rudOE colourc1330 ruddinessa1398 rosec1425 livelihood1566 glowa1616 quickness1656 α. OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 166 Uultus, andwlita uel rudu. a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 35 (MED) His bodi..Wes..al to-rend, His rude wes worþen grene. a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 2 (MED) Mi brune her is hwit bicume..& mi tohte rude iturned al in-to oðre dehe. a1505 R. Henryson Orpheus & Eurydice 354 in Poems (1981) 144 Quhare is thy rude as rose wyth chekis quhite. 1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 262 As ony ross hir rude wes reid. 1836 J. M. Wilson Hist. Tales Borders IV. 34 Yon bloomin hizzy wi' the rose rude. β. a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 1 (MED) Nou goth sonne vnder wod, me reweth, marie, þi faire Rode.a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 31 Hire rode is ase rose þat red is on rys.c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 131 His rode was reed.c1440 Sir Degrevant (Thornton) (1949) 534 (MED) Scho es warre and wysse, Hir rod as þe rose on ryse.a1475 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Harl.) (1927) l. 1582f (MED) Often he menys þat lovesum May..Here rode rede as blosom on the brere.c1600 (c1350) Alisaunder (Greaves) (1929) 178 Rose-red was hur rode, full riall of schape.γ. c1415 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Lansd.) (1870) l. 3317 His rud [c1425 Petworth rudde] was rede.a1425 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 211 (MED) My rud was reed, my colour clere.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 391 (MED) Youre rud, that was so red, youre lyre the lylly lyke, Then shall be wan as led.1519 W. Horman Vulgaria xviii. f. 169 They whyte theyr face,..with cerusse: and theyr lyppis and ruddis with purpurisse.a1529 J. Skelton Ballad in Wks. (1843) I. 25 Your ruddys wyth ruddy rubys may compare.c1650 (a1450) Death & Life l. 66 in Reliques Anc. Eng. Poetry (1765) II. 265 Shee was brighter of her blee, Then was the bright sonn: Her rudd redder then the rose, that on the rise hangeth.1867 L. Jewitt Ballads Derbyshire 23 That lady so fair and free With rudd as red as rose in May.1906 C. M. Doughty Dawn in Brit. I. ii. 68 Her rud as apple blossoms, vermeil-white, Her locks..Like sunny rays. 3. †a. A red cosmetic. Obsolete.In quot. OE rendering Latin (Vulgate) stibium stibium n. (2 Kings 9:30), which in post-classical Latin occasionally denotes a red cosmetic rather than a black one (early 8th cent. in British sources). ΚΠ α. OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Kings (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1881) I. 404 Gezabel þe..stod uppon anre upflora ænlice geglencged, and gehiwode hire eagan and hire neb mid rude [L. depinxit oculos suos stibio et ornavit caput suum] togeanes Hieu. γ. 1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. xlvi. f. 278 [She] began to recolour her bleake and pale face, with a vermelion teint and Roseal rudde.1571 H. G. tr. G. Boccaccio Thirtene Plesant & Delectable Questions v. sig. F.iii^v She, whose face was throughe this occasion paynted with a new rudde..beganne with many excuses to endeuor hir selfe to make me beleeue the contrary of that which I had conceiued. b. Chiefly English regional (northern). Esp. in sheep farming: = ruddle n.¹ Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the skin or complexion > [noun] > preparations for the skin or complexion > paints or colours > reddening reda1398 cloth of Levant1497 red leather1545 safflower1583 cheek-varnish1598 vermilion1600 rubric1650 rud1651 Spanish wool1678 French reda1680 saffranon1731 French rouge?1745 rouge1746 γ. 1651 R. Child Large Let. in S. Hartlib Legacie 84 Here is found..white and yellow Marle, Plaister, Oker, Rudd, [etc.]. 1691 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Words (ed. 2) 136 Rud, a sort of Blood-stone used in marking Sheep; from the red colour. 1770 T. Bridges Burlesque Transl. Homer (ed. 3) II. xi. 188 Jove..mix'd a shower of rain with rud, To make 'em think it rain'd sheer blood. 1811 W. Watson Delineation Strata of Derbyshire 67 (note) In a decomposed state it [sc. bloodstone] is used to mark Sheep with a red colour, and called Rud or Raddle. 1840 Penny Mag. Nov. 466/2 When they [sc. the sheep] have been salved, they have to be distinctly re-marked—which is commonly done with both tar and rud or ruddle. 1895 T. Ellwood Lakeland & Iceland 79 The smit marked upon the sheep with this Rud or Ruddle is generally the initial letter or letters of the owner's name. 1931 H. Walpole Judith Paris ii. 358 An old man..held the marking iron and the rudd stick. Compounds rud-red adj. chiefly poetic ruddy. ΚΠ 1765 Marriage of Sir Gawaine lxv, in T. Percy Reliques III. i. ii. 22 Sweet blushes stayn'd her rud-red cheeke. 1820 Analectic Mag. July 61 Her eyes were large, and of a velvet black,..and her cheeks rud-red. 1918 D. L. Durkin Fighting Men of Canada 51 The rud-red drops of a rising day Leap in the veins of men. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † rudn.² Forms: α. Middle English rodde, Middle English rode, Middle English rude, late Middle English rod, late Middle English–1600s 1800s rudde, 1600s 1800s rud. β. late Middle English roode. Origin: Apparently a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: rud n.¹ Etymology: Apparently a specific use of rud n.¹, on account of the golden colour of the flowers (this having formerly been part of the semantic range of red : compare the note at red adj. 1a, and also red n. 3).The fuller name Saint Mary rud (c1300) was probably originally formed similarly to Seynte Marie gold (a1500 or earlier: see marigold n.), by combining the name of the Virgin Mary with a colour word (rather than with a plant name). With the use of the name of the Virgin Mary compare post-classical Latin herba Sanctae Mariae (a1500 or earlier in this sense; late 13th cent. or earlier in sense ‘tansy’). In β. forms perhaps influenced by association with rood n., perhaps on account of a reinterpretation of Seint Mari rode , variant of Saint Mary rud (compare the α. forms at rodewort n.). Compare also the occasional use of red in with reference to this plant (compare redwort n.):?a1350 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 60 [Calendula] gallice solsicle, anglice rede flour vel golde.a1500 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 242 [Solsequium] goldwort, rede, holygold, rodewwrt oþer goldis. Obsolete. Chiefly in plural. The pot marigold, Calendula officinalis (cf. rodewort n.); (perhaps also) the corn marigold, Glebionis segetum (formerly a member of the genus Chrysanthemum). In early use also more fully Saint Mary rud. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > composite flowers > marigold goldOE rudc1300 gold flowera1325 solseclea1350 rodeworta1398 marigolda1400 yellow-bottlea1400 yellow goldc1405 soussiea1425 solsequium1540 soucyc1550 sun's flower1568 solsequya1680 pot marigold1760 tagetes1792 calendula1871 c1300 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 242 [Solsequium] anglice rude. c1300 in T. Hunt Pop. Med. 13th-cent. Eng. (1990) v. 263 Recipe betoyn, maddyr, roddis, bugyl, halfewodde ana. a1325 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 131 [Gratia Dei] seynt Marie rode. ?a1350 MS Sloane 5 f. 9^v, in Middle Eng. Dict. at Seint(e Oculus Christi, calendula, solsequium..Seynte Marie rode. a1400 Alphita (Selden) (1887) 88 Kalendula, sponsa solis,..golduurt uel rodes. c1450 in W. R. Dawson Leechbk. (1934) 326 (MED) Forto distroy the pestulence: Take dragance, turmentill, pympernoll, tansay..burnell, scabiose, ruddis, femytory, of ech an handfull. a1500 Agnus Castus (Balliol Coll.) (1950) 203 (MED) Solseqium ys an herbe þat me clapyth Roddys or marigoldys; he beryth a ȝelowe flowre. a1500 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 61 [Calendula] seynt Marye rude. 1526 Grete Herball cxxxi. sig. Hv/2 Calendula is an herbe called ruddes. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 163 They be now called..in English Marygoldes, and Ruddes. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 20 Some take it [sc. Heliotropium] for Ruds or Wert-wort: others for Turnsol, or the Marygold. 1647 H. Hexham Copious Eng. & Netherduytch Dict. (Herbs) Ruddes, or Marigolds, goudt-bloemen. 1863 in Isle of Wight Gloss. (1881) 52 Among greens, small fruits, and ruds. 1879 R. C. A. Prior On Pop. Names Brit. Plants (ed. 3) 202 Ruddes, a name that should mean a red or ruddy flower, and is hardly applicable to a yellow one, such as the marigold to which it is given. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2020). rudn.³ Brit. /rʌd/, U.S. /rəd/, Scottish English /rʌd/ Forms: Scottish pre-1700 1700s– rude, pre-1700 1900s– rod, pre-1700 1900s– roid, 1800s– rud, 1900s– root, 1900s– ruth, 1900s– ruthe; English regional (northern) 1700s–1800s rudd, 1800s– rud. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Etymology: Origin uncertain; apparently related to (later) redd n.² although the relationship between the forms is difficult to account for. Compare rodding n.¹ Compare later roud n.Compare the following related verb with a different localization; compare also later roud v., rood v.1577 Arte of Angling sig. E.iiii^v But in winter..until the fishe goe to rode, the red worme is very good. Scottish and English regional (northern). †1. The act of spawning. Frequently in on (also upon) the rudCf. roud n. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1496 in Proc. Orkney Antiquarian Soc. (1925) 3 52 Twiching the bigging of ane myll..on the rod water benewth the said Williame. 1794 W. Hutchinson Hist. Cumberland I. 459 They [sc. salmon] will take a bait of roe, or small fish, while upon the rudd, or laying their spawn. 1893 Eastern Daily Press (Norwich) 20 Jan. 3/4 Although the rudd are here called roud, yet all Broadland fishes are said to be on the roud (not round) when spawning. 2. The spawn of a frog or toad (also toad rud).See also paddock rud n. at paddock n.¹ Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 211 Thou come..till a pule and drank the padock rod. 1783 F. C. Waldron Contin. B. Jonson's Sad Shepherd iii. 70 Here's snake-weed, paddock-rude, and cuckow-spit. 1850 S. Bamford Dial. S. Lancs. Gloss. 215 Twod-rudd, the spawn of toads. 1887 T. Darlington Folk-speech S. Cheshire Rud,..spawn of toads or frogs. 1977 J. Y. Mather & H. H. Speitel Ling. Atlas Scotl. II. 99 Frogs' eggs or spawn, [Lanarkshire] paddock rod,..[Dumfriesshire] paddock roid, puddock roid,..[Kirkcudbrightshire] paddock rud. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † rudn.⁴ Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: reed n.² Etymology: Origin uncertain; perhaps a regional variant of reed n.², although the relationship between the forms is difficult to account for. Compare earlier roddikin n.Only in the work of the Staffordshire-born zoologist W. C. L. Martin. Obsolete. rare. The abomasum (fourth stomach) of a ruminant. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animal body > general parts > internal organs and systems > [noun] > stomach reedeOE maweOE craw1574 ventricle1575 gizzard1776 rud1841 the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > [noun] > ruminant > parts of > stomach > fourth reedeOE maweOE roddikin1512 earning bag1611 cheeselip-bag1615 abomasus1668 abomasum1678 cheeselip skin1788 rennet stomach1840 rud1841 1841 W. C. L. Martin Gen. Introd Nat. Hist. Mammiferous Animals 136 Lastly, the abomasum, or rud.., in which digestion really takes place. 1847 W. C. L. Martin Ox 2/1 The huge paunch..is, at this early period, far less capacious than the fourth stomach, or rud. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2019). rudv.¹ Brit. /rʌd/, U.S. /rəd/ Forms: Old English rudian, Middle English rodye, 1500s– rud, 1600s rudd. Past tense Middle English roddede, Middle English ruddede, Middle English ruddite, Middle English ruddud. Past participle early Middle English iruded, early Middle English irudet, Middle English roded, Middle English yrudded. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rud n.¹ Etymology: < rud n.¹ Compare ruddy adj. and red v.¹ Compare also rudden v. (and the Scandinavian forms cited at that entry). With sense 2 compare earlier ruddle v. 1. †a. intransitive. (a) To be red. (b) To become or grow red. Obsolete.In quot. c1400 the word is transitive in the variant reading roded were from the Laud MS (see quot. a1400 at sense 1b); in some other variant readings apparently confused with rud v.² ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > redness > [verb (intransitive)] > blush redOE rudOE glowc1386 blushc1450 colour1616 paint1631 reddena1648 vermilion1699 mantle1707 flush1709 crimson1780 rouge1780 ruddy1845 smoke1862 mount1894 rose1922 OE Homily: De Sancto Iohanne (Corpus Cambr. 198) in Englische Studien (1885) 8 478 And him an ræd hiow rudaþ [lOE Vesp. D.xiv rudeð] on þam ricge, goldfylle gelic glitonaþ Fenix. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xvi. 108 Ich sat stille, as pacience wolde, and thus sone þis doctour, As rody as a rose roddede [v.rr. ruddede, ruddite, roded were; B. v.rr. ruddud, gan rodye, rubbede] hus chekes, Kowede and carpede and conscience hym herde. b. transitive. To make red or ruddy; to redden. Usually in passive. Chiefly archaic and English regional (northern) in later use.With quot. a1400 compare quot. c1400 at sense 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > making or becoming red > make red [verb (transitive)] red?c1225 rud?c1225 rubifyc1450 inflame1477 keel1508 redden1552 rubrify1587 fire1597 blusha1616 over-reda1616 ruddy1689 rouge1815 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 40 Þeo..beoð for godes luue wið hare aȝen blod irudet [a1250 Nero iruded] & ireaded aswere þe martirs. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 246 Ischrift þe cwike rude oðe neb deð to understonden þet þesaule þe..nefde bute dead heow. haueð icacht cwich heow & is iruded feire. a1400 W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 656) (1873) C. xvi. 108 Roded were [c1400 Huntington HM 137 As rody as a rose roddede hus chekes]. 1595 E. Spenser Epithalamion in Amoretti & Epithalamion x. sig. G8^v Her cheekes lyke apples which the sun hath rudded. 1609 T. Heywood Troia Britanica iii. lvi Many an anticke flake With rich Inamell azure green and Rudded. ?a1700 in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Ballads (1858) VI. 146 It's little matter what they do now, My life-blood rudds the heather brown. 1794 E. Jerningham Siege of Berwick ii. 28 Thus the pale cheek of hungry fame is flush'd And rudded o'er with the false glow of duty. 1846 ‘J. Treenoodle’ Specimens Cornish Provinc. Dial. 54 There were the doctor as they caal'd un with a three-corner piked hat, and es feace all rudded and whited. 1849 H. Bliss Philip the Second v. i. 102 As if his hate had ever brooked control, Or ceased to urge the moment morn shall rud. 1906 C. M. Doughty Dawn in Brit. VI. xxiii. 143 Glad-eyed children, lo, with gleeful voice, Dancing in round; whose cheeks like apples rudded. 2008 S. Gulland Mistress of Sun ii. 89 His eyes were hazel, and his skin was dark, much rudded by the sun. 2. transitive. Chiefly English regional (northern). In sheep farming: to mark (a sheep) with ruddle. Cf. rud n.¹ 3b.figurative in quot. 1890; cf. to return to one's muttons at mutton n. Phrases 3. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > making or becoming red > make red [verb (transitive)] > with dye, stain, or pigment purple?a1475 ruddle1538 bloody1590 sanguine1591 scutchanele1596 vermeil1596 vermilion1606 gule1609 incarnadinea1616 raddle1631 vermilion1656 bow-dyea1658 reddle1663 miniate1670 rud1680 tiver1792 red-ochre1805 roucou1817 vermilionize1854 red-lead1871 1680 T. Whittingham Diary 25 Mar. in C. B. Robinson Rural Econ. Yorks. (1857) 156 Put to the fell and rudded 55 weathers. 1832 J. Wilson in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 186/2 In many parts..is the finest soft red ore, used for what is called smitting (rudding or marking) the sheep. 1890 Notes & Queries 27 Dec. 508/2 In returning to our muttons it might be well to see that they are properly rudded. 2007 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 7 Jan. (Features section) 25 When a tup mounts a ewe it ruds it, that is, leaves a coloured mark on its hindquarters. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † rudv.² Forms: Middle English rodde, Middle English rudde, Middle English rude, Middle English rwdded (past participle), 1800s rud (English regional (Devon)). Origin: Of unknown origin. Etymology: Origin unknown. Compare slightly later rub v.¹ Obsolete (English regional (Devon) in later use). transitive. To rub. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > rubbing or friction > rub [verb (transitive)] gnidec1000 frot?c1225 gnoddec1230 rudc1300 ruba1325 wipe1362 freta1400 labour?a1475 wrive1481 scrud1483 chafe1526 friga1529 fricace1579 perfricate1598 affricate1656 fricate1716 frictionize1853 c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) l. 175 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 498 Fet & honde..He ruddede [c1300 Laud roddede] aniȝt wiþ his here. c1300 St. George (Laud) 42 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 295 (MED) Huy..with a clout of here roddeden [Corpus Cambr. rodde] þe woundes faste. a1325 SS. Simon & Jude (Corpus Cambr.) l. 68 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 451 (MED) Sein Iude nom þat holy writ þat oure Louerd him er sende And roddede þerwiþ is sike lich. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. xcvii. 988 [The flax] is þanne..yruddid [a1450 Bodl. irudded, 1495 de Worde rodded] and ygnoddid, yribbed and yhecchelid and ysponne. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 438 (MED) Ruddon [Winch. ruddone], idem quod rubbyn. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 239 (MED) He sholde rude his gomes with lewys of trenne. 1847 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words II Rud,..(4) To rub; to polish. Devon. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online September 2021). < n.¹OEn.²c1300n.³1496n.⁴1841v.¹OEv.²c1300
随便看	pyroxenoids pyroxferroite pyroxmangite pyroxyle pyroxylic pyroxylic spirit pyroxylin pyroxylins quarreler quarrelers quarrelet quarreling quarrellable quarrelled quarreller quarrellers quarrelling quarrellingly quarrellings quarrellous quarrellously quarrellousness quarrelous quarrelpicker quarrelpicking

rudn.1

Compounds

† rudn.2

rudn.3

† rudn.4

rudv.1

† rudv.2

rudn.¹

† rudn.²

rudn.³

† rudn.⁴

rudv.¹

† rudv.²