† sithenadv.conj.prep.

Forms:

α. early Old English siðða (transmission error), Old English sieððan (rare), Old English sioþþan (rare), Old English sioðþan (rare), Old English sioððan, Old English sioððen (rare), Old English sitþan (perhaps transmission error), Old English siþþam (rare), Old English siþþon (rare), Old English siþðan, Old English siðan (rare), Old English siðþon (rare), Old English siððon, Old English–early Middle English siþþan, Old English–early Middle English siðþan, Old English–early Middle English siððan, Old English–early Middle English siððen, Old English (rare)–Middle English siþþen, late Old English sioððon, late Old English siþðon, late Old English siðþen, late Old English siððam, late Old English siððun, late Old English–early Middle English siðen, early Middle English siþþenn ( Ormulum), Middle English cithon, Middle English cythen, Middle English siden, Middle English siȝen, Middle English sihten, Middle English sithenne, Middle English sithon, Middle English sithun, Middle English sitthen, Middle English sitthin, Middle English sitthyn, Middle English siþan, Middle English siþen, Middle English siþene, Middle English siþin, Middle English siþthen, Middle English siþtyn, Middle English siþþin, Middle English siþun, Middle English syden, Middle English syethen, Middle English syhtthen, Middle English sythenne, Middle English sythethyn, Middle English sythinne, Middle English sython, Middle English sythun, Middle English sythyne, Middle English sytthen, Middle English sytthin, Middle English sytthyn, Middle English syttyn, Middle English syþen, Middle English syþene, Middle English syþin, Middle English syþn, Middle English syþþen, Middle English syþyn, Middle English–1500s siththen, Middle English (1500s Scottish) sithyn, Middle English–1500s sythene, Middle English–1500s sythin, Middle English–1500s sythyn, Middle English 1600s sithene, Middle English–1600s sythen, Middle English–1600s (1800s–1900s English regional and archaic) sithen, late Middle English sichen (transmission error), late Middle English siþiþen (transmission error), late Middle English siyen, late Middle English siyin, late Middle English swythyn (northern), late Middle English syȝen, late Middle English synthen, late Middle English syþon, late Middle English syyen, late Middle English syyin, Middle English–1500s (1800s English regional (northern)) sithin.

β. early Old English seoþan (Mercian), early Old English seoþþon, Old English seoþþan, Old English seoþðan (rare), Old English (early Middle English south-west midlands) seoðþan, Old English (early Middle English south-west midlands) seoððan, Old English (rare)–early Middle English (south-west midlands and south-western) seoþþen, early Middle English sedþen, early Middle English sedðen, early Middle English seodden (south-west midlands), early Middle English seodþan (south-west midlands), early Middle English seodþen (in copy of Old English charter), early Middle English seodðan (south-west midlands), early Middle English seodðen (south-west midlands), early Middle English seoþen (south-west midlands and south-western), early Middle English seoðan (south-west midlands), early Middle English seoðden (south-west midlands), early Middle English seoðen (south-west midlands), early Middle English seoðþen (south-west midlands), early Middle English seoððen (south-west midlands), early Middle English seðen, early Middle English seððan, early Middle English seððen, early Middle English sothent (south-west midlands, transmission error), early Middle English soþin (south-west midlands), early Middle English soþþen (south-west midlands), early Middle English soððan (south-west midlands), early Middle English soððen (south-west midlands), early Middle English þeððan (transmission error), Middle English sehthen, Middle English seiþen (East Anglian), Middle English seiþin (south-west midlands), Middle English seothen (west midlands), Middle English sethene, Middle English sethinne, Middle English sethon, Middle English seththen, Middle English sethþen, Middle English sethun, Middle English sethyn, Middle English setthen, Middle English seþem, Middle English seþen, Middle English seþenne, Middle English seþin, Middle English seþine, Middle English seþthen, Middle English seþthon, Middle English seþthone, Middle English seþþen, Middle English seþþon, Middle English seþþone, Middle English seþþyn, Middle English seþun, Middle English seþyn, Middle English seythyn, Middle English sothen (south-west midlands), Middle English sothyn (south-west midlands, East Anglian, and Yorkshire), Middle English soþen (south-west midlands), Middle English–1500s sethen, Middle English (1500s Scottish) sethenne, Middle English (1500s Scottish) sethin, late Middle English senthen, late Middle English setyhyn (probably transmission error), late Middle English seuin (transmission error), late Middle English seyen, late Middle English seyhen, late Middle English zeyȝthen (south-western).

γ. (chiefly south-west midlands and south-western in Middle English) Old English syþan, Old English syþþam (rare), Old English syþþon (rare), Old English syþðan, Old English syðþon (rare), Old English (rare)–early Middle English syþon, Old English–early Middle English syþþan, Old English (rare)–early Middle English syðan, Old English–early Middle English syðþan, Old English–early Middle English syððan, late Old English syððam, late Old English–early Middle English syððen, late Old English–early Middle English syððon, early Middle English souððen, early Middle English suoðen, early Middle English suðden, early Middle English suððen, early Middle English swoððen, early Middle English swuððen, early Middle English sydþan, early Middle English sydðan, early Middle English syðæn, early Middle English syðen, early Middle English syðon, early Middle English syððæn, Middle English suthen, Middle English suthþen, Middle English sutthen, Middle English suþen, Middle English suþþen.

Etymology: < Old English sīþ later (see below) + þan, neuter instrumental case of the demonstrative pronoun se , sēo , þæt (see that pron.¹, and compare thon pron.¹), hence originally lit. ‘later than that’, with shortening of the vowel in the first element before the following geminate. Compare similarly formed Middle Dutch siden, (with secondary development of final -t) sident, adverb and conjunction, Middle High German (with secondary development of final -t) sidunt, sident, adverb, Old Icelandic síðan, adverb, conjunction, and preposition, Old Swedish siþan, sedhan, sin, adverb, conjunction, and preposition (Swedish sedan, sen), Old Danish sithan, sithæn, adverb, conjunction, and preposition (Danish siden), all in similar senses; compare Gothic þana-seiþs (adverb) further, more, still, lit. ‘than-that later’. Compare also Middle High German sīt diu (conjunction) since, sīt dem (earlier sīt dem māle) (adverb and conjunction) since (German seitdem), sīt her (adverb) since (German seither). In later use probably also partly < early Scandinavian (compare the forms cited above).Old English sīþ ‘later, afterwards’ is cognate with Old Saxon sīth later, afterwards (Middle Low German sīt ), Old High German sīd later, afterwards, (also conjunction) after, since, because, (preposition) after, since (Middle High German sīd , German seit , now only as preposition and conjunction), Old Icelandic síðr less, Gothic seiþs (in þana-seiþs : see above), probably < a suffixed form (comparative: see -er suffix³ 2) of the same Germanic base as side adj. The corresponding positive is seen in Old English sīþ , Old Icelandic síð , both in sense ‘late’; compare also (from the same base) Gothic seiþus (adjective) late (only in the phrase seiþu warþ ‘it was evening’). Old English sīþor (adverb) ‘later’ represents a more recent analogical formation (compare -er suffix³); compare Old Frisian sether , Old Dutch sither (Middle Dutch sider , sidert , also as conjunction and preposition ‘since’, Dutch sedert ), Old Saxon sīthor (Middle Low German sēder , also as conjunction and preposition ‘since’), Old High German sīdōr , also as conjunction ‘since’ (Middle High German sider , also as preposition ‘since’), Old Icelandic síðarr . Form history. Old English forms such as sioððan at α. forms show back mutation of i before the back vowel of the second element, subsequent to the shortening of long ī (in sīþ ) before the geminate. The β. forms reflect phonological developments of the back-mutated diphthong io in Old English, especially in Mercian, and their reflexes in Middle English. The details of the development of the γ. forms are uncertain, but they seem chiefly to show the south-western reflex of a rounded vowel, Old English (late West Saxon) y . Specific forms. The late Middle English forms synthen at α. forms and senthen at β. forms probably show the influence of, respectively, sin conj. and sen conj.

Obsolete.

A. adv.

a. Then, thereupon; afterwards, subsequently; = sith adv. 1a. archaic in later use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > after, afterwards, or later

sitheneOE

aftereOE

sithOE

eftOE

latterOE

aftOE

sithencea1170

sithrec1175

thereup?c1225

baftc1275

furtherc1290

eftsoon1297

therewithala1300

afterwardc1300

afterwardsc1300

soc1300

therewithc1369

eftersoonsa1400

suingly?a1425

at after1425

followingly?c1425

afterhand1438

syne1489

by posteriority1523

in sequel1524

still1526

later1527

subsequently1537

senthis?1553

lately1565

subsequent1568

behindc1600

sequelarly1600

posterior1628

in prosecutiona1641

subsequentiallya1683

artera1746

posteriorly1799

ulteriorly1818

later on1829

eOE (Kentish) Charter: Eadweald & Cyneðryð (Sawyer 1200) in N. P. Brooks & S. E. Kelly Charters of Christ Church Canterbury, Pt. 2 (2013) 778 Wes hit becueden Osbearte his broðar suna..& siððan neniggra meihanda ma ðes cynnes.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) i. 185 Gehref hit eal..& ga in syððan [a1225 Vesp. A.xxii seðen] mid þinum hiwum.

OE Blickling Homilies 79 Swa swa hit seoþþan gelamp xl wintra æfter þon ðe hie Crist on rode ahengon.

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1140 Sithen þerefter sathleden [read sahtleden] þe king & Randolf eorl at Stanford & athes suoren.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 235 He..sennde siþþenn haliȝ gast. Till hise lerninngcnihhtess.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1953 His lond he huld half ȝer and suððen he adun halde.

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 399 Godard stirt up..and siþen sat Bi the knictes.

c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 109 A knaue child gat þai tvo..And seþþen men cleped him..Tristrem.

1372 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 84 Naked, bunden saltu ben, & seiþen sore bete.

c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. vii. l. 59 I wol souwen hit my-self and seþþen with ou wende.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xxii. l. 143 Iuwes..culled hym on croys-wyse.., And sutthen buriede hus body.

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail lv. l. 451 But Sethen Cam there gret persecucioun To bothe Rewmes.

1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) v. ix. sig. i.vii Kynge Arthur..entryd in to Lorayne..and sythen retorned in to hault Almayn.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xiii. 151 Sythen told me a clerk That he was forspokyn.

1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Glendour f. xxi And sithen In Wygmore land..I caught the ryght heyre of the crowned howse.

1906 C. M. Doughty Dawn in Brit. II. vi. 63 Cimbers' victorious army, sithen, marched, O'er Pyrene mounts.

b. Next in sequence; as the thing which follows in an order of events or actions.

ΚΠ

OE Ælfric Homily: De Duodecim Abusivis (Corpus Cambr. 178) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 299 Nu synd twelf abusiua, þæt synd twelf unþeawas þa we eow secgað on leden & syððan on englisc.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1124 Ærost man hem beræfoð her eahte and siþðon man hem ofslæð.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 500 Alle þa prestess..Shifftedenn hemm bitwenenn þa..whillc shollde serrfenn. Allmahhtiȝ godd att allterr firrst. Whillc siþþenn i þe temmple.

c1390 (?a1300) Stations of Rome (Vernon) (1867) i. l. 592 (MED) A Chirche þer is..Furst with Costantyn hit was set, And siþen with heretykes doun I-bet.

c1450 Treat. Fishing in J. McDonald et al. Origins of Angling (1963) 149 (MED) Pers þe stafe..thorow þe pith..ffyrst at þe oon ende & sithen at þe other.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 9 Hir Ene as a trendull turned full rounde ffirst on hir ffader..And sethyn on þat semely.

2. With reference to a continuous action or situation.

a. From a previously specified time in the past until the time in the past now being considered.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > since > continuously or ever since

sithOE

sithenOE

sithence?a1425

syne?a1425

since1470

OE Blickling Homilies 219 Þa æfter þisse dæde his noma wæs a seoþþan weorð & mære geworden.

OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 363 Þær corn weox æfre wynsumlice syððan [c1175 Bodl. 343 syððæn].

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 963 Þa cæs man oðer abbot..þe wæs gehaten Ælfsi; se Ælfsi wæs þa abbot syððon fiftig wintre.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2124 He makede..monien laȝen gode þe lon[g] souððen [altered from swuððen; c1300 Otho seoþþe] stode.

b. From a previously specified time in the past until now; ever since. Frequently with ay or ever.

ΚΠ

OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) ii. i. 68 Se mona wæs æt fruman on æfen gesceapen, and æfre syððan on æfen byð his ylde awend.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 262 Ihesus..Ros fro ded on ðe sunenday, Ðat is forð siðen worðed ay.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 1256 Þat gresse gren, þat euer has siþen ben gren.

c1470 tr. R. D'Argenteuil's French Bible (Cleveland) (1977) 71 (MED) Many oþir seke folk sithen haue be made hole þerwith.

1487 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Nov. 1487 §30. m. 12 The seid clothes ever sythen into this day have been..conveyed out of this realme.

a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 22 Euer sethen angeles haue ben frendys..to all good men.

1550 J. Coke Deb. Heraldes Eng. & Fraunce sig. Bvi^v Which armes the frenche kynges haue euer sythen borne and yet bere vnto this present tyme.

1586 in Lett. & Papers Ld. Gray (1835) 76 His maiesty..vent to Dalkeythe whear he sithyn remains.

1603 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Hist. Descr. Worlde 116 Euer sithene this citty hath declined.

3. With reference to a discrete or discontinuous action or situation: at some or any time between a previously specified time in the past and now, or between then and the time being considered; = sith adv. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > since

sithenOE

sitha1350

sithence1529

since1549

OE Crist I 39 Nænig efenlic þam, ær ne siþþan, in worlde gewearð wifes gearnung.

OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Deut. (Claud.) xxxiv. 10 Ne aras syððan nan witega on Israhela ðeode swylce Moyses wæs.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11401 Ȝif ich auere-mare seoððen ihere þat æi of mine hirede..æft sake are [read arere] ne sculde him neoðer gon fore..þat he ne sculde beon ded.

?a1300 (a1250) Harrowing of Hell (Digby) (1907) l. 33 Suþþen haui þoled..hounger and þurst.

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 1641 In sory houre Stode I to loken..For sithen [haue] I sore sighede.

1495 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1495 §8. m. 7 The kyngis grace..deputed to hym than and sithen offices of charge.

a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 146 The cursid Emperoure Nero, and many otheres Sethyn and in oure dayes.

?1577 F. T. Debate Pride & Lowlines sig. Bviii Before thy time men were not halfe so wyse, As sythen in thy schoole they haue been taught.

1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. v. xii. 46 Sithen our Country-man Dr. Dee..saith, that an English-man was first Inventor.

4. With another temporal adverb or adverbial phrase, esp. long, or with a noun phrase denoting a period of time: ago, before now; = sith adv. 4.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the past > [adverb] > ago

agoc1350

sitha1375

hencea1382

sithena1400

agone1420

sin1490

sithence1537

since1555

syne1573

ygo1579

aback1768

back1797

pass1971

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 17331 (MED) For godd had said..siþen lang, ‘Mi-self es sett to wrek þe wrang.’

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Squire's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 528 I..took his herte in chaunge of myn for ay But sooth is seyd, goon sithen many a day [etc.].

?1473 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Recuyell Hist. Troye (1894) I. lf. 58^v Hit is not longe sythen whan I was in my royame [etc.].

a1500 (c1400) St. Erkenwald (1977) l. 1 (MED) At London in Englonde noȝt fulle longe sythen..Ther was a byschop.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 76 Noght long sithen but late.

1583 A. Nowell et al. True Rep. Disput. E. Campion sig. E.iii You see that this doctrine and the very words themselues..are set downe and pronounced..aboue a thousande yeere sithen and more.

B. conj.

a. Subsequent to the time when; after. Also with that.

ΚΠ

eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) iv. vi. 95 Ac siþþan Metellus þa elpendas ofercom, siþþan he hæfde eac raðe þæt oþer folc gefliemed.

eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. v. 399 Gif þu nu ge[muna]n wilt ealra ðara arwyrðnessa þe ðu..h[æfde]st siððan ðu ærest geboren [wære] oð ðisne dæg.

OE Beowulf (2008) 2474 Þa wæs synn ond sacu Sweona ond Geata.., herenið hearda, syððan Hreðel swealt.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2073 Swulc nes næuere eær on erde. swoððen [c1300 Otho suþþe]..þe Bruttes come hær liðen.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 84 Siðen ðat newe werld was boren, Til ihesus crist fro helle nam His quemed.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) 1 Chron. vi. 31 Þese ben þe whiche dauiþ ordeynede vp on þe syngeres of þe hous of þe lord siþen þe arke was broȝt to.

a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 8789 (MED) Ȝyf þou wyþhelde any þyng seþyn Þat hyt was to holy cherche ȝeuyn..Hyt ys sacrylage.

c1415 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Corpus Oxf.) (1868) l. 2102 Neuer siþþen þat þe world bigan..Nas of so fewe so noble a companye.

1477 M. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 379 Þe greet good þat ȝe haue had in yowyr rewle sythyn yowyr fadyr deyyd.

a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 197 Ho-so will enserche the olde stories Sethyn the worlde began.

a1555 J. Bradford in M. Coverdale Certain Lett. Martyrs (1564) 252 My manyfolde synnes, euen sythen I came into prison.

1572 Abp. M. Parker Let. 5 Nov. in Corr. (1853) (modernized text) 405 He was with me sithen Justice Manwood was placed.

1889 F. Cowper Capt. of Wight 3 The price has risen mightily sithen the tolls have been laid on all hawks.

b. With a statement specifying, or inquiry as to, the duration of the intervening period: from the time in the past when. Cf. since conj. 2a.

ΚΠ

OE Blickling Homilies 187 Manige gear syndon agan nu seoþþan ure bisceopas geond eal Romana rice an to me gewreoto sende.

OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) ix. 21 Hu lang tid is syððan [L. ex quo] him þis gebyrede?

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 171 Moni ȝer was agan seodðen [emended in ed. to seoððen; c1300 Otho suþþe] his cun hider com.

?a1300 (a1250) Harrowing of Hell (Digby) (1907) l. 32 Almest so muchel hit is agon Suþþen þat i bicom furst mon.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3200 Gon woren .vij. score ger Siden iosep was doluen der.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Macc. xii. 10 Forsothe many tymes passiden, sithen ȝe senten to vs.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xxi. l. 138 Sutthen þis barn was ybore, beoþ þritty wynter passed.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 585 Hit is nat longe ago..sytthen he gaff me a falle.

?1555 Howleglas sig. K.ii It is not .iii. houres agone sithen I sawe hym lye vpon a whele.

c. With reference to a continuous action or situation: up to the present time or the time being considered from the time in the past when. Frequently with ay or ever. Also with that.

ΚΠ

OE Blickling Homilies 23 We synd on þisse worlde ælþeodige, & swa wæron siþþon se æresta ealdor þisses menniscan cynnes Godes bebodu abræc.

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 33 Naht for englen unhele þe habbeð eche hele, ac for mannen unhele, þe ben alle and hauen ben alle siðen unlimpe cam uppen ure forme fader adam.

c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 1139 In sorwe ich haue ben ay Seþþen ich aliue haue ben.

1384 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 30 Euer sithen that he was noght mair, the forseide John Norhampton, John More, Richard Norbury, & William Essex han be boute..to drawe the poeple to be to hym ward.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 7993 Siþen god þe ches king of kith, His herte has euer ben þe wid.

a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 718 (MED) Sythyn he cowde and fyrste began Þe forsakyn wolde he nowth.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 340 Ever sytthen he was growyn he was..trew of his promyse.

?1556 J. Cancellar Pathe of Obed. sig. A.vi. Euer sithen this euill maner of mynde hath cropen in to the heads of some euel men, Noble men hath ben seduced.

d. With reference to a discrete or discontinuous action or situation: at some or any time since. Also with that.

ΚΠ

OE Homily: Be rihtan Cristendome (Hatton 113) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 147 Ealle þa tungon, þe æfre clypedon and spræcon, syððan Adam leofode.., ealle hi ne mihton asecgan [etc.]

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1128 Þa for mid him & æfter him swa micel folc swa næfre ær ne dide siððon þet se firste fare was on Vrbanes dæi pape.

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 3 Alle þo þe habben ben seðen ure louerd..steh to heuene.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 10965 Seoððen ich wes mon iboren of mire moder bosme, no isah ich a none londe þus seolcude [emended in ed. to seolcuðe] þinges.

c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 134 (MED) Ben made liȝttynges, voices, & þondres, & stiryng of erþe so grete þat neuere ȝut nas non swiche siþþen þat Man woned in erþe.

c1450 (a1400) Libeaus Desconus (Calig. A.ii) (1969) 46 (MED) For seþen Y was y-bore, Ne fond Y me be-fore Non so fayr of syȝt.

c1475 Mankind (1969) l. 272 I was neuer worth a pottfull a wortis sythyn I was born.

2. Seeing that, given that; for the reason that, because. Cf. since conj. 4.

a. As a simple conjunction; = sith conj. 4a. English regional (northern) or archaic in later use.In Old English rare in this causal sense and usually with temporal connotations.

ΚΠ

eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxiv. 492 Ac [ic] þe wille nu giet getæcan ðone weg ðe ðe gelæt to þære heofonlican byrig.., siððan [L. quoniam] ðu ongitst [þ]urh mine lare hwæt sio soðe gesælð bið.

OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Maccabees (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1900) II. 70 Fela wæron forbodene Godes folce on ðære ealdan æ [OE Corpus Cambr. 198 on ðære æ], þe nu syndon clæne æfter Cristes tocyme, siððan Paulus cwæð to þam Cristenum ðus, Omnia munda mundis.

lOE tr. Alcuin De Virtutibus et Vitiis (Vesp.) in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 103 Nu syððen þæt god is, þæt man forlæte his synnen & to Gode gecerre, do þæt ælc man raðe.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 17 Hwet halt þe wredðe seodðan þus god almihtin hauet ihaten uwilne [emended in ed. to uwilcne] cristene mon.

a1225 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Lamb.) l. 205 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 173 Suððen God nom swa muchele wrake..we muȝen eðe us adrede.

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 239 Seþþen þe king yslawe was..A king þai mosten haue swiþe.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) 2 Esdras ii. 2 Why is þi chere drery siþen I see þee not sijk?

c1415 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Corpus Oxf.) (1868) l. 1403 Siþen his face was so disfigured..He mighte wel..Lyue in Athenes eueremore vnknowe.

c1430 N. Love Mirror Blessed Life (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 49 And sithen crist..chas that is most hard to the flesche, sothely that is best.

1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. xxii. sig. cij Sythen I haue made yow knyghte thow must yeue me a gyfte.

c1500 Melusine (1895) 163 I beseche you.., sethen I moste departe your presens, to call me ofte in your remembraunce.

1517 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xxxi. 152 Thus sythen nature hath you well endued With so moche beaute,..Exyle dysdayne.

1587 G. Turberville Tragicall Tales f. 145 But sithen needes you must my trauailes trouth vnfolde, To offer vp her sonnes farewell, and last adewe, be bolde.

1610 R. Bernard Plaine Evid. Pref. 36 Sithen he hath called me to speak in this matter, I confesse in ciuill respect he giueth to Princes all iust due.

1873 G. Egremont Poems & Songs 71 Sithen 't is war, and ready am I, What's to hinder my riding away?

1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby 171/2 Sith, adv. therefore. Sithen, thus it follows.

b. Followed by that; = sith conj. 4b.

ΚΠ

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Jer. Prol. l. 4 Jeremye..as anentis þe hebrues is seen to ben booistousere þan þe sermoun of isaie & of osee: & þan oþere prophetis, but in wittis he is euene: siþen [L. quippe] þat in þe same spirit he propheciede.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 73 Holi Scripture is a reuerend thing.., sythen that bi it..the Cristen Chirche of God takith her feith.

1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. ciiij/2 For noo thynge I shal suffre the to do that fayte sythen that thou arte not presently in helthe.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. ccclix^v Sythen that al thyng thus beforne wot.

1610 R. Bernard Plaine Evid. 130 Can they be said not to come therefore voluntarily, sithen that where there is a chose, there is a kinde of freedome?

C. prep.

1. With reference to a discrete or discontinuous action or situation: at some or any time between a specified time, event, etc., and now (or the time being considered); = sith prep. 1a.In quot. lOE: (with a specified interval) after, subsequent to (an event).

ΚΠ

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 963 Ðis wæs gedon syððon ure Drihtnes acennednesse dccclxx^o ii^o.

1399 Rolls of Parl.: Henry IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1399 Pleas. §9. m. 2 It wold noghte only falle on thes persones.., bot of many other persones that haven or myghte falle in syche case sythen the makyng of that statut.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. ix. l. 164 Many a peire sithen þe pestilence han pliȝt hem to-gideres.

1415 in 43rd Ann. Rep. Deputy Keeper Public Rec. (1882) App. i. 583 in Parl. Papers (C. 3425) XXXVI. 1 I spake never withe hem two sethen yat tyme.

1535–6 Act 27 Henry VIII c. 42 §1 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 599 Where by an Acte made sithen the begynnyng of this parliament.

a1604 M. Hanmer Chron. Ireland 70 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) And sithen that time, hath sprung not all to the pleasure of God.

2. With reference to a continuous action or situation: from a specified time, event, etc., until now (or the time being considered); = sith prep. 2.

ΚΠ

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 5 Eche lif..þat is giarked siðen þe biginninge of þes woreld.

1414 Petition in Rotuli Parl. (1767–77) IV. 57/2 Myne adversaries hav..holden me in prison, sithen Seynt Katerynes day twelve Monthes last passed into this tyme.

1499–1500 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 236 Olde dett that was dew sethen the tyme off Iohn Mylton.

1517 in W. Fraser Douglas Bk. (1885) III. 386 Als wele ymmediately aftir the solempnisacioun of oure mariage as at ane other season sethen that tyme.

1583 A. Nowell et al. True Rep. Disput. E. Campion sig. D3^v Now of late sithen the Tridentine Councill, some Popish Printers haue left them out.

1672 Chaucer's Ghoast 43 Many Complaints were made unto Prince Corniger of great wrongs that were done by their Enemies, sithen the Death of King Mort.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	sithen
释义	† sithenadv.conj.prep. Forms: α. early Old English siðða (transmission error), Old English sieððan (rare), Old English sioþþan (rare), Old English sioðþan (rare), Old English sioððan, Old English sioððen (rare), Old English sitþan (perhaps transmission error), Old English siþþam (rare), Old English siþþon (rare), Old English siþðan, Old English siðan (rare), Old English siðþon (rare), Old English siððon, Old English–early Middle English siþþan, Old English–early Middle English siðþan, Old English–early Middle English siððan, Old English–early Middle English siððen, Old English (rare)–Middle English siþþen, late Old English sioððon, late Old English siþðon, late Old English siðþen, late Old English siððam, late Old English siððun, late Old English–early Middle English siðen, early Middle English siþþenn ( Ormulum), Middle English cithon, Middle English cythen, Middle English siden, Middle English siȝen, Middle English sihten, Middle English sithenne, Middle English sithon, Middle English sithun, Middle English sitthen, Middle English sitthin, Middle English sitthyn, Middle English siþan, Middle English siþen, Middle English siþene, Middle English siþin, Middle English siþthen, Middle English siþtyn, Middle English siþþin, Middle English siþun, Middle English syden, Middle English syethen, Middle English syhtthen, Middle English sythenne, Middle English sythethyn, Middle English sythinne, Middle English sython, Middle English sythun, Middle English sythyne, Middle English sytthen, Middle English sytthin, Middle English sytthyn, Middle English syttyn, Middle English syþen, Middle English syþene, Middle English syþin, Middle English syþn, Middle English syþþen, Middle English syþyn, Middle English–1500s siththen, Middle English (1500s Scottish) sithyn, Middle English–1500s sythene, Middle English–1500s sythin, Middle English–1500s sythyn, Middle English 1600s sithene, Middle English–1600s sythen, Middle English–1600s (1800s–1900s English regional and archaic) sithen, late Middle English sichen (transmission error), late Middle English siþiþen (transmission error), late Middle English siyen, late Middle English siyin, late Middle English swythyn (northern), late Middle English syȝen, late Middle English synthen, late Middle English syþon, late Middle English syyen, late Middle English syyin, Middle English–1500s (1800s English regional (northern)) sithin. β. early Old English seoþan (Mercian), early Old English seoþþon, Old English seoþþan, Old English seoþðan (rare), Old English (early Middle English south-west midlands) seoðþan, Old English (early Middle English south-west midlands) seoððan, Old English (rare)–early Middle English (south-west midlands and south-western) seoþþen, early Middle English sedþen, early Middle English sedðen, early Middle English seodden (south-west midlands), early Middle English seodþan (south-west midlands), early Middle English seodþen (in copy of Old English charter), early Middle English seodðan (south-west midlands), early Middle English seodðen (south-west midlands), early Middle English seoþen (south-west midlands and south-western), early Middle English seoðan (south-west midlands), early Middle English seoðden (south-west midlands), early Middle English seoðen (south-west midlands), early Middle English seoðþen (south-west midlands), early Middle English seoððen (south-west midlands), early Middle English seðen, early Middle English seððan, early Middle English seððen, early Middle English sothent (south-west midlands, transmission error), early Middle English soþin (south-west midlands), early Middle English soþþen (south-west midlands), early Middle English soððan (south-west midlands), early Middle English soððen (south-west midlands), early Middle English þeððan (transmission error), Middle English sehthen, Middle English seiþen (East Anglian), Middle English seiþin (south-west midlands), Middle English seothen (west midlands), Middle English sethene, Middle English sethinne, Middle English sethon, Middle English seththen, Middle English sethþen, Middle English sethun, Middle English sethyn, Middle English setthen, Middle English seþem, Middle English seþen, Middle English seþenne, Middle English seþin, Middle English seþine, Middle English seþthen, Middle English seþthon, Middle English seþthone, Middle English seþþen, Middle English seþþon, Middle English seþþone, Middle English seþþyn, Middle English seþun, Middle English seþyn, Middle English seythyn, Middle English sothen (south-west midlands), Middle English sothyn (south-west midlands, East Anglian, and Yorkshire), Middle English soþen (south-west midlands), Middle English–1500s sethen, Middle English (1500s Scottish) sethenne, Middle English (1500s Scottish) sethin, late Middle English senthen, late Middle English setyhyn (probably transmission error), late Middle English seuin (transmission error), late Middle English seyen, late Middle English seyhen, late Middle English zeyȝthen (south-western). γ. (chiefly south-west midlands and south-western in Middle English) Old English syþan, Old English syþþam (rare), Old English syþþon (rare), Old English syþðan, Old English syðþon (rare), Old English (rare)–early Middle English syþon, Old English–early Middle English syþþan, Old English (rare)–early Middle English syðan, Old English–early Middle English syðþan, Old English–early Middle English syððan, late Old English syððam, late Old English–early Middle English syððen, late Old English–early Middle English syððon, early Middle English souððen, early Middle English suoðen, early Middle English suðden, early Middle English suððen, early Middle English swoððen, early Middle English swuððen, early Middle English sydþan, early Middle English sydðan, early Middle English syðæn, early Middle English syðen, early Middle English syðon, early Middle English syððæn, Middle English suthen, Middle English suthþen, Middle English sutthen, Middle English suþen, Middle English suþþen. Etymology: < Old English sīþ later (see below) + þan, neuter instrumental case of the demonstrative pronoun se , sēo , þæt (see that pron.¹, and compare thon pron.¹), hence originally lit. ‘later than that’, with shortening of the vowel in the first element before the following geminate. Compare similarly formed Middle Dutch siden, (with secondary development of final -t) sident, adverb and conjunction, Middle High German (with secondary development of final -t) sidunt, sident, adverb, Old Icelandic síðan, adverb, conjunction, and preposition, Old Swedish siþan, sedhan, sin, adverb, conjunction, and preposition (Swedish sedan, sen), Old Danish sithan, sithæn, adverb, conjunction, and preposition (Danish siden), all in similar senses; compare Gothic þana-seiþs (adverb) further, more, still, lit. ‘than-that later’. Compare also Middle High German sīt diu (conjunction) since, sīt dem (earlier sīt dem māle) (adverb and conjunction) since (German seitdem), sīt her (adverb) since (German seither). In later use probably also partly < early Scandinavian (compare the forms cited above).Old English sīþ ‘later, afterwards’ is cognate with Old Saxon sīth later, afterwards (Middle Low German sīt ), Old High German sīd later, afterwards, (also conjunction) after, since, because, (preposition) after, since (Middle High German sīd , German seit , now only as preposition and conjunction), Old Icelandic síðr less, Gothic seiþs (in þana-seiþs : see above), probably < a suffixed form (comparative: see -er suffix³ 2) of the same Germanic base as side adj. The corresponding positive is seen in Old English sīþ , Old Icelandic síð , both in sense ‘late’; compare also (from the same base) Gothic seiþus (adjective) late (only in the phrase seiþu warþ ‘it was evening’). Old English sīþor (adverb) ‘later’ represents a more recent analogical formation (compare -er suffix³); compare Old Frisian sether , Old Dutch sither (Middle Dutch sider , sidert , also as conjunction and preposition ‘since’, Dutch sedert ), Old Saxon sīthor (Middle Low German sēder , also as conjunction and preposition ‘since’), Old High German sīdōr , also as conjunction ‘since’ (Middle High German sider , also as preposition ‘since’), Old Icelandic síðarr . Form history. Old English forms such as sioððan at α. forms show back mutation of i before the back vowel of the second element, subsequent to the shortening of long ī (in sīþ ) before the geminate. The β. forms reflect phonological developments of the back-mutated diphthong io in Old English, especially in Mercian, and their reflexes in Middle English. The details of the development of the γ. forms are uncertain, but they seem chiefly to show the south-western reflex of a rounded vowel, Old English (late West Saxon) y . Specific forms. The late Middle English forms synthen at α. forms and senthen at β. forms probably show the influence of, respectively, sin conj. and sen conj. Obsolete. A. adv. 1. a. Then, thereupon; afterwards, subsequently; = sith adv. 1a. archaic in later use. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > after, afterwards, or later sitheneOE aftereOE sithOE eftOE latterOE aftOE sithencea1170 sithrec1175 thereup?c1225 baftc1275 furtherc1290 eftsoon1297 therewithala1300 afterwardc1300 afterwardsc1300 soc1300 therewithc1369 eftersoonsa1400 suingly?a1425 at after1425 followingly?c1425 afterhand1438 syne1489 by posteriority1523 in sequel1524 still1526 later1527 subsequently1537 senthis?1553 lately1565 subsequent1568 behindc1600 sequelarly1600 posterior1628 in prosecutiona1641 subsequentiallya1683 artera1746 posteriorly1799 ulteriorly1818 later on1829 eOE (Kentish) Charter: Eadweald & Cyneðryð (Sawyer 1200) in N. P. Brooks & S. E. Kelly Charters of Christ Church Canterbury, Pt. 2 (2013) 778 Wes hit becueden Osbearte his broðar suna..& siððan neniggra meihanda ma ðes cynnes. OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) i. 185 Gehref hit eal..& ga in syððan [a1225 Vesp. A.xxii seðen] mid þinum hiwum. OE Blickling Homilies 79 Swa swa hit seoþþan gelamp xl wintra æfter þon ðe hie Crist on rode ahengon. ?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1140 Sithen þerefter sathleden [read sahtleden] þe king & Randolf eorl at Stanford & athes suoren. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 235 He..sennde siþþenn haliȝ gast. Till hise lerninngcnihhtess. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1953 His lond he huld half ȝer and suððen he adun halde. c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 399 Godard stirt up..and siþen sat Bi the knictes. c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 109 A knaue child gat þai tvo..And seþþen men cleped him..Tristrem. 1372 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 84 Naked, bunden saltu ben, & seiþen sore bete. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. vii. l. 59 I wol souwen hit my-self and seþþen with ou wende. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xxii. l. 143 Iuwes..culled hym on croys-wyse.., And sutthen buriede hus body. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail lv. l. 451 But Sethen Cam there gret persecucioun To bothe Rewmes. 1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) v. ix. sig. i.vii Kynge Arthur..entryd in to Lorayne..and sythen retorned in to hault Almayn. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xiii. 151 Sythen told me a clerk That he was forspokyn. 1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Glendour f. xxi And sithen In Wygmore land..I caught the ryght heyre of the crowned howse. 1906 C. M. Doughty Dawn in Brit. II. vi. 63 Cimbers' victorious army, sithen, marched, O'er Pyrene mounts. b. Next in sequence; as the thing which follows in an order of events or actions. ΚΠ OE Ælfric Homily: De Duodecim Abusivis (Corpus Cambr. 178) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 299 Nu synd twelf abusiua, þæt synd twelf unþeawas þa we eow secgað on leden & syððan on englisc. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1124 Ærost man hem beræfoð her eahte and siþðon man hem ofslæð. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 500 Alle þa prestess..Shifftedenn hemm bitwenenn þa..whillc shollde serrfenn. Allmahhtiȝ godd att allterr firrst. Whillc siþþenn i þe temmple. c1390 (?a1300) Stations of Rome (Vernon) (1867) i. l. 592 (MED) A Chirche þer is..Furst with Costantyn hit was set, And siþen with heretykes doun I-bet. c1450 Treat. Fishing in J. McDonald et al. Origins of Angling (1963) 149 (MED) Pers þe stafe..thorow þe pith..ffyrst at þe oon ende & sithen at þe other. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 9 Hir Ene as a trendull turned full rounde ffirst on hir ffader..And sethyn on þat semely. 2. With reference to a continuous action or situation. a. From a previously specified time in the past until the time in the past now being considered. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > since > continuously or ever since sithOE sithenOE sithence?a1425 syne?a1425 since1470 OE Blickling Homilies 219 Þa æfter þisse dæde his noma wæs a seoþþan weorð & mære geworden. OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 363 Þær corn weox æfre wynsumlice syððan [c1175 Bodl. 343 syððæn]. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 963 Þa cæs man oðer abbot..þe wæs gehaten Ælfsi; se Ælfsi wæs þa abbot syððon fiftig wintre. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2124 He makede..monien laȝen gode þe lon[g] souððen [altered from swuððen; c1300 Otho seoþþe] stode. b. From a previously specified time in the past until now; ever since. Frequently with ay or ever. ΚΠ OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) ii. i. 68 Se mona wæs æt fruman on æfen gesceapen, and æfre syððan on æfen byð his ylde awend. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 262 Ihesus..Ros fro ded on ðe sunenday, Ðat is forð siðen worðed ay. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 1256 Þat gresse gren, þat euer has siþen ben gren. c1470 tr. R. D'Argenteuil's French Bible (Cleveland) (1977) 71 (MED) Many oþir seke folk sithen haue be made hole þerwith. 1487 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Nov. 1487 §30. m. 12 The seid clothes ever sythen into this day have been..conveyed out of this realme. a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 22 Euer sethen angeles haue ben frendys..to all good men. 1550 J. Coke Deb. Heraldes Eng. & Fraunce sig. Bvi^v Which armes the frenche kynges haue euer sythen borne and yet bere vnto this present tyme. 1586 in Lett. & Papers Ld. Gray (1835) 76 His maiesty..vent to Dalkeythe whear he sithyn remains. 1603 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Hist. Descr. Worlde 116 Euer sithene this citty hath declined. 3. With reference to a discrete or discontinuous action or situation: at some or any time between a previously specified time in the past and now, or between then and the time being considered; = sith adv. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > since sithenOE sitha1350 sithence1529 since1549 OE Crist I 39 Nænig efenlic þam, ær ne siþþan, in worlde gewearð wifes gearnung. OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Deut. (Claud.) xxxiv. 10 Ne aras syððan nan witega on Israhela ðeode swylce Moyses wæs. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11401 Ȝif ich auere-mare seoððen ihere þat æi of mine hirede..æft sake are [read arere] ne sculde him neoðer gon fore..þat he ne sculde beon ded. ?a1300 (a1250) Harrowing of Hell (Digby) (1907) l. 33 Suþþen haui þoled..hounger and þurst. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 1641 In sory houre Stode I to loken..For sithen [haue] I sore sighede. 1495 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1495 §8. m. 7 The kyngis grace..deputed to hym than and sithen offices of charge. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 146 The cursid Emperoure Nero, and many otheres Sethyn and in oure dayes. ?1577 F. T. Debate Pride & Lowlines sig. Bviii Before thy time men were not halfe so wyse, As sythen in thy schoole they haue been taught. 1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. v. xii. 46 Sithen our Country-man Dr. Dee..saith, that an English-man was first Inventor. 4. With another temporal adverb or adverbial phrase, esp. long, or with a noun phrase denoting a period of time: ago, before now; = sith adv. 4. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the past > [adverb] > ago agoc1350 sitha1375 hencea1382 sithena1400 agone1420 sin1490 sithence1537 since1555 syne1573 ygo1579 aback1768 back1797 pass1971 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 17331 (MED) For godd had said..siþen lang, ‘Mi-self es sett to wrek þe wrang.’ c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Squire's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 528 I..took his herte in chaunge of myn for ay But sooth is seyd, goon sithen many a day [etc.]. ?1473 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Recuyell Hist. Troye (1894) I. lf. 58^v Hit is not longe sythen whan I was in my royame [etc.]. a1500 (c1400) St. Erkenwald (1977) l. 1 (MED) At London in Englonde noȝt fulle longe sythen..Ther was a byschop. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 76 Noght long sithen but late. 1583 A. Nowell et al. True Rep. Disput. E. Campion sig. E.iii You see that this doctrine and the very words themselues..are set downe and pronounced..aboue a thousande yeere sithen and more. B. conj. 1. a. Subsequent to the time when; after. Also with that. ΚΠ eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) iv. vi. 95 Ac siþþan Metellus þa elpendas ofercom, siþþan he hæfde eac raðe þæt oþer folc gefliemed. eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. v. 399 Gif þu nu ge[muna]n wilt ealra ðara arwyrðnessa þe ðu..h[æfde]st siððan ðu ærest geboren [wære] oð ðisne dæg. OE Beowulf (2008) 2474 Þa wæs synn ond sacu Sweona ond Geata.., herenið hearda, syððan Hreðel swealt. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2073 Swulc nes næuere eær on erde. swoððen [c1300 Otho suþþe]..þe Bruttes come hær liðen. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 84 Siðen ðat newe werld was boren, Til ihesus crist fro helle nam His quemed. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) 1 Chron. vi. 31 Þese ben þe whiche dauiþ ordeynede vp on þe syngeres of þe hous of þe lord siþen þe arke was broȝt to. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 8789 (MED) Ȝyf þou wyþhelde any þyng seþyn Þat hyt was to holy cherche ȝeuyn..Hyt ys sacrylage. c1415 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Corpus Oxf.) (1868) l. 2102 Neuer siþþen þat þe world bigan..Nas of so fewe so noble a companye. 1477 M. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 379 Þe greet good þat ȝe haue had in yowyr rewle sythyn yowyr fadyr deyyd. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 197 Ho-so will enserche the olde stories Sethyn the worlde began. a1555 J. Bradford in M. Coverdale Certain Lett. Martyrs (1564) 252 My manyfolde synnes, euen sythen I came into prison. 1572 Abp. M. Parker Let. 5 Nov. in Corr. (1853) (modernized text) 405 He was with me sithen Justice Manwood was placed. 1889 F. Cowper Capt. of Wight 3 The price has risen mightily sithen the tolls have been laid on all hawks. b. With a statement specifying, or inquiry as to, the duration of the intervening period: from the time in the past when. Cf. since conj. 2a. ΚΠ OE Blickling Homilies 187 Manige gear syndon agan nu seoþþan ure bisceopas geond eal Romana rice an to me gewreoto sende. OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) ix. 21 Hu lang tid is syððan [L. ex quo] him þis gebyrede? c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 171 Moni ȝer was agan seodðen [emended in ed. to seoððen; c1300 Otho suþþe] his cun hider com. ?a1300 (a1250) Harrowing of Hell (Digby) (1907) l. 32 Almest so muchel hit is agon Suþþen þat i bicom furst mon. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3200 Gon woren .vij. score ger Siden iosep was doluen der. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Macc. xii. 10 Forsothe many tymes passiden, sithen ȝe senten to vs. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xxi. l. 138 Sutthen þis barn was ybore, beoþ þritty wynter passed. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 585 Hit is nat longe ago..sytthen he gaff me a falle. ?1555 Howleglas sig. K.ii It is not .iii. houres agone sithen I sawe hym lye vpon a whele. c. With reference to a continuous action or situation: up to the present time or the time being considered from the time in the past when. Frequently with ay or ever. Also with that. ΚΠ OE Blickling Homilies 23 We synd on þisse worlde ælþeodige, & swa wæron siþþon se æresta ealdor þisses menniscan cynnes Godes bebodu abræc. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 33 Naht for englen unhele þe habbeð eche hele, ac for mannen unhele, þe ben alle and hauen ben alle siðen unlimpe cam uppen ure forme fader adam. c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 1139 In sorwe ich haue ben ay Seþþen ich aliue haue ben. 1384 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 30 Euer sithen that he was noght mair, the forseide John Norhampton, John More, Richard Norbury, & William Essex han be boute..to drawe the poeple to be to hym ward. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 7993 Siþen god þe ches king of kith, His herte has euer ben þe wid. a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 718 (MED) Sythyn he cowde and fyrste began Þe forsakyn wolde he nowth. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 340 Ever sytthen he was growyn he was..trew of his promyse. ?1556 J. Cancellar Pathe of Obed. sig. A.vi. Euer sithen this euill maner of mynde hath cropen in to the heads of some euel men, Noble men hath ben seduced. d. With reference to a discrete or discontinuous action or situation: at some or any time since. Also with that. ΚΠ OE Homily: Be rihtan Cristendome (Hatton 113) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 147 Ealle þa tungon, þe æfre clypedon and spræcon, syððan Adam leofode.., ealle hi ne mihton asecgan [etc.] lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1128 Þa for mid him & æfter him swa micel folc swa næfre ær ne dide siððon þet se firste fare was on Vrbanes dæi pape. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 3 Alle þo þe habben ben seðen ure louerd..steh to heuene. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 10965 Seoððen ich wes mon iboren of mire moder bosme, no isah ich a none londe þus seolcude [emended in ed. to seolcuðe] þinges. c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 134 (MED) Ben made liȝttynges, voices, & þondres, & stiryng of erþe so grete þat neuere ȝut nas non swiche siþþen þat Man woned in erþe. c1450 (a1400) Libeaus Desconus (Calig. A.ii) (1969) 46 (MED) For seþen Y was y-bore, Ne fond Y me be-fore Non so fayr of syȝt. c1475 Mankind (1969) l. 272 I was neuer worth a pottfull a wortis sythyn I was born. 2. Seeing that, given that; for the reason that, because. Cf. since conj. 4. a. As a simple conjunction; = sith conj. 4a. English regional (northern) or archaic in later use.In Old English rare in this causal sense and usually with temporal connotations. ΚΠ eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxiv. 492 Ac [ic] þe wille nu giet getæcan ðone weg ðe ðe gelæt to þære heofonlican byrig.., siððan [L. quoniam] ðu ongitst [þ]urh mine lare hwæt sio soðe gesælð bið. OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Maccabees (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1900) II. 70 Fela wæron forbodene Godes folce on ðære ealdan æ [OE Corpus Cambr. 198 on ðære æ], þe nu syndon clæne æfter Cristes tocyme, siððan Paulus cwæð to þam Cristenum ðus, Omnia munda mundis. lOE tr. Alcuin De Virtutibus et Vitiis (Vesp.) in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 103 Nu syððen þæt god is, þæt man forlæte his synnen & to Gode gecerre, do þæt ælc man raðe. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 17 Hwet halt þe wredðe seodðan þus god almihtin hauet ihaten uwilne [emended in ed. to uwilcne] cristene mon. a1225 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Lamb.) l. 205 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 173 Suððen God nom swa muchele wrake..we muȝen eðe us adrede. c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 239 Seþþen þe king yslawe was..A king þai mosten haue swiþe. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) 2 Esdras ii. 2 Why is þi chere drery siþen I see þee not sijk? c1415 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Corpus Oxf.) (1868) l. 1403 Siþen his face was so disfigured..He mighte wel..Lyue in Athenes eueremore vnknowe. c1430 N. Love Mirror Blessed Life (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 49 And sithen crist..chas that is most hard to the flesche, sothely that is best. 1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. xxii. sig. cij Sythen I haue made yow knyghte thow must yeue me a gyfte. c1500 Melusine (1895) 163 I beseche you.., sethen I moste departe your presens, to call me ofte in your remembraunce. 1517 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xxxi. 152 Thus sythen nature hath you well endued With so moche beaute,..Exyle dysdayne. 1587 G. Turberville Tragicall Tales f. 145 But sithen needes you must my trauailes trouth vnfolde, To offer vp her sonnes farewell, and last adewe, be bolde. 1610 R. Bernard Plaine Evid. Pref. 36 Sithen he hath called me to speak in this matter, I confesse in ciuill respect he giueth to Princes all iust due. 1873 G. Egremont Poems & Songs 71 Sithen 't is war, and ready am I, What's to hinder my riding away? 1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby 171/2 Sith, adv. therefore. Sithen, thus it follows. b. Followed by that; = sith conj. 4b. ΚΠ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Jer. Prol. l. 4 Jeremye..as anentis þe hebrues is seen to ben booistousere þan þe sermoun of isaie & of osee: & þan oþere prophetis, but in wittis he is euene: siþen [L. quippe] þat in þe same spirit he propheciede. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 73 Holi Scripture is a reuerend thing.., sythen that bi it..the Cristen Chirche of God takith her feith. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. ciiij/2 For noo thynge I shal suffre the to do that fayte sythen that thou arte not presently in helthe. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. ccclix^v Sythen that al thyng thus beforne wot. 1610 R. Bernard Plaine Evid. 130 Can they be said not to come therefore voluntarily, sithen that where there is a chose, there is a kinde of freedome? C. prep. 1. With reference to a discrete or discontinuous action or situation: at some or any time between a specified time, event, etc., and now (or the time being considered); = sith prep. 1a.In quot. lOE: (with a specified interval) after, subsequent to (an event). ΚΠ lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 963 Ðis wæs gedon syððon ure Drihtnes acennednesse dccclxx^o ii^o. 1399 Rolls of Parl.: Henry IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1399 Pleas. §9. m. 2 It wold noghte only falle on thes persones.., bot of many other persones that haven or myghte falle in syche case sythen the makyng of that statut. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. ix. l. 164 Many a peire sithen þe pestilence han pliȝt hem to-gideres. 1415 in 43rd Ann. Rep. Deputy Keeper Public Rec. (1882) App. i. 583 in Parl. Papers (C. 3425) XXXVI. 1 I spake never withe hem two sethen yat tyme. 1535–6 Act 27 Henry VIII c. 42 §1 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 599 Where by an Acte made sithen the begynnyng of this parliament. a1604 M. Hanmer Chron. Ireland 70 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) And sithen that time, hath sprung not all to the pleasure of God. 2. With reference to a continuous action or situation: from a specified time, event, etc., until now (or the time being considered); = sith prep. 2. ΚΠ a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 5 Eche lif..þat is giarked siðen þe biginninge of þes woreld. 1414 Petition in Rotuli Parl. (1767–77) IV. 57/2 Myne adversaries hav..holden me in prison, sithen Seynt Katerynes day twelve Monthes last passed into this tyme. 1499–1500 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 236 Olde dett that was dew sethen the tyme off Iohn Mylton. 1517 in W. Fraser Douglas Bk. (1885) III. 386 Als wele ymmediately aftir the solempnisacioun of oure mariage as at ane other season sethen that tyme. 1583 A. Nowell et al. True Rep. Disput. E. Campion sig. D3^v Now of late sithen the Tridentine Councill, some Popish Printers haue left them out. 1672 Chaucer's Ghoast 43 Many Complaints were made unto Prince Corniger of great wrongs that were done by their Enemies, sithen the Death of King Mort. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adv.conj.prep.eOE
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