Canaryn.¹

Brit.

/kəˈnɛːri/, U.S.

/kəˈnɛri/

Forms: 1500s–1600s canarie, 1600s– canary. Also with lower-case initial.

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Canary.

Etymology: < the name of the Canary Islands (Spanish Canarias, plural noun, more fully Islas Canarias), an archipelago of seven main islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Africa.The ulterior etymology of the name of the archipelago is uncertain and disputed. The most widely cited derivation is ultimately < post-classical Latin Canaria , in Canaria insula ‘Isle of Dogs’, the name of one of the Fortunate Isles (c300 in Arnobius as Canariae insulae , plural) < classical Latin canāria , feminine of canārius of or relating to dogs (Pliny; < canis dog (see Canis n.) + -ārius -ary suffix¹) + insula island (see insula n.). Compare Spanish canario of or relating to the Canary Islands (implied c1350 by Canaria, probably denoting Gran Canaria), which is often identified with canario resembling a dog (c1275). Pliny relates that the Mauritanian king Juba II named one of the larger islands of the archipelago (probably to be identified with present-day Gran Canaria) Canaria on account of the multitude of dogs living there; however, his account may reflect a rationalization of a local name. European settlers first arrived on the islands, which already had an established indigenous population, in the 14th cent. The Castilian conquest of the archipelago began in 1402; the islands became part of the kingdom of Castile in the late 15th cent., and are now an autonomous community of Spain. The name of the Canary Islands is attested in English contexts from the mid 16th cent., apparently earliest in the forms Ilandes of Canariae and Canaries (plural noun); compare:1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. f. 1^v These seuen Ilandes (therefore) called the Canaries [L. Canariae], were founde by chaunce by a frenche man, called Betanchor.1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. f. 1^v And thus all the Ilandes of Canariae [L. Canariae omnes] were added to the dominion of Spayne.

I. Compounds.See also canary bird n., Canary wine n., Canary wood n.¹

a. Canary sugar n. now historical sugar, typically pale brown and slightly coarse, produced in the Canary Islands.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > additive > sweetener > [noun] > sugar > unrefined or brown sugar

red sugar?a1425

black sugarc1430

panele1562

Canary sugar1568

soft sugar1581

muscovado1592

moist sugar1604

cassonade1657

brown sugar1704

bastard1766

Lisbon1767

bastard sugar1785

moist1809

sand1819

panela1830

piloncillo1844

pilonci1845

penuche1847

1568 T. Hacket tr. A. Thevet New Found Worlde v. f. 8 I haue sene no suger made but in Egypt, and the canes that beare it growe on the brinke of Nyll, the which also is greatly estemed of the people..as much and rather more, than Canarie Suger [Fr. plus que de celuy de noz Canaries].

1655 tr. M. Blochwitz Anatomia Sambuci iii. xiv. 84 Take of the best Canarie sugar lib. 6. let it melt and boyle in the fragrant water of the flowers, til it acquire a fit thickness, for making up tablets.

1796 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) II. 26 The stone itself is so richly impregnated with it [sc. Nitre], that it..forms white efflorescences and crusts resembling Canary Sugar.

1886 E. Liverpool (Ohio) Evening Rev. 10 Sept. Canary Sugar, 18 lbs. $1.

1922 Amer. Bee Jrnl. Nov. 513/2 We took a pound of Canary sugar reduced to a syrup, which we gave to a swarm enclosed within a glass hive.

2004 E. Stohls in S. B. Schwartz Trop. Babylons viii. 261 It was probably in Antwerp that Canary sugar achieved its entry into the supply of northern Europe.

b. Canary seed n. the shiny brown seed of the grass Phalaris canariensis, commonly used as birdseed; such seeds collectively; (also) a plant producing such a seed (= Canary grass n. (a) at sense 1c). [Originally after early modern Dutch saet van Canarien (1554 in Dodoens, or earlier: see quot. 1578). In later use probably often understood as ‘seed for canaries’ (canary n.⁵ 1).]

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > [noun] > phalaris grasses

grass corn1548

phalaris1548

Canary seed1578

Canary grass1597

chameleon grass1597

lady's laces1597

painted grass1597

sword-grass1598

silver grass1600

Canary1723

reed canary grass1762

ribbon grass1786

gardener's garters1820

dagger-grass1834

daggers1847

bride's laces1854

canary reed1884

the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > food eaten by birds > food for caged birds

seed1562

Canary seed1578

alpiste1597

birdseed1661

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular fodder plants > [noun] > yielding birdseed

Canary seed1578

Canary grass1597

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. xi. 465 This seede is called..of some Douchmen Spaensch saet, and Saet van Canarien, that is to say, Spanishe or Canarie seede.

1611 Rates Marchandizes sig. B4 Canarie seed, the hundreth weght—x l.

1675 J. Blagrave New Additions Art Husbandry (new ed.) 111 Mice..will destroy all the Canary-Seeds, and so consequently may starve your Canary-Birds.

1731 E. Albin Nat. Hist. Birds I. 62 Take Flower of Canary Seed, and the Inside of scalded Hempseed, of each a like Quantity,..mix and give it your young Birds.

1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xiii. 138 Canary seed..is found wild in the Canary Islands..and is cultivated in Europe for the food of Canary and other small Birds.

1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 230 Canary seed is chiefly cultivated in the Isle of Thanet in Kent, and about Sandwich.

1890 H. C. De Mille & D. Belasco Men & Women i. 13 No wonder Margery Knox won't take me seriously. Why don't you put me in yellow knickerbockers and feed me with canary seed?

1928 E. E. Hoyt Consumption of Wealth xvii. 178 If you think you are buying coffee you ought to get coffee and not chicory and canary seed.

1995 Maclean's 17 Apr. 53/3 Farmers switching into such alternate, higher-price crops as canola,..and canary seed.

2010 Observer 21 Mar. (Guide to Pets) 23/2 Don't just offer canary seed, use a mix instead.

c. Canary grass n. a grass of the genus Phalaris, esp. (a) P. canariensis, native to the Mediterranean and cultivated elsewhere as a source of birdseed; cf. Canary seed n. at sense 1b; (b) P. arundinacea, native to waterside and marshy locations in north temperate regions; = canary reed n. at sense 1f.Cf. phalaris n. P. arundinacea is also called reed canary grass.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > [noun] > phalaris grasses

grass corn1548

phalaris1548

Canary seed1578

Canary grass1597

chameleon grass1597

lady's laces1597

painted grass1597

sword-grass1598

silver grass1600

Canary1723

reed canary grass1762

ribbon grass1786

gardener's garters1820

dagger-grass1834

daggers1847

bride's laces1854

canary reed1884

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular fodder plants > [noun] > yielding birdseed

Canary seed1578

Canary grass1597

1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 80 Canarie seed, or Canarie grasse after some, hath many small hairie rootes, from which arise small strawie stalkes iointed like corne, wherupon do grow leaues like those of Barly.

1651 L. Sowerby Ladies Dispensatory Table Vertues sig. Z3 Canary-grasse, helps pissing with pain.

1712 J. Petiver in Philos. Trans. 1710–12 (Royal Soc.) 27 380 It's call'd Canary grass, because brought from thence, and is the common Food of those Birds.

1787 J. Abercrombie Every Man his Own Gardener (ed. 11) 586/2 Phalaris canariensis, or Canary Grass (annual).

1808 Bury & Norwich Post 2 Mar. 439/1 The cultivation of the Canary-grass is understood to be as easy as that of any of the other spring crops.

1863 M. Plues Rambles in Search of Wild Flowers 313 The Canary-grass is familiar on account of its furnishing bird seed.

1911 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 63 68/2 Phalaris arundinacea L. Canary Grass.

1996 R. Mabey Flora Britannica 396/2 Canary-grass..and common millet..crop up frequently as casuals in gardens, pavement cracks and rubbish-tips.

2002 Field & Stream Oct. 108/1 The likeliest cover was a long wedge of canary grass bounded by the slough on one side.

d. Canary weed n. now historical a lichen of the genus Roccella (family Roccellaceae); spec. a greyish-green lichen found in the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean, R. tinctoria, which is a source of the red or violet dye orchil.Also called orchil.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants used in dyeing > lichens or fungi used in dyeing > [noun] > others

corkir1703

Canary weed1712

perelle1712

Canary moss1738

cudbear1767

aweto1845

Mauritius weed1858

velvet moss1858

1712 Daily Courant 15 July For Sale..63 Bags of Orchilla or Canary Weed.

1759 Philos. Trans. 1758 (Royal Soc.) 50 666 The orcelle, or Canary-weed..is found upon the rocks on the sea-coast.

1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 479/2 Some kinds, as the Canary weed, Roccella tinctoria, abound in colour.

1920 Textile Colorist July 457/1 In English Archil, Canary weed or Orchilla weed,..a lichen used for dyeing, and from which a kind of paint is also prepared.

2000 O. Gilbert Lichens i. 21 When supplies of Roccella in the Mediterranean were becoming exhausted, merchant adventurers chartered ships to bring back lucrative cargoes of ‘Canary weed’.

e. Canary moss n. now historical either of two lichens found in the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean and used to produce dye, Roccella tinctoria (= Canary weed n. at sense 1d) and Parmotrema perlatum (family Parmeliaceae).Cf. rock moss n. at rock n.¹ Compounds 2e.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants used in dyeing > lichens or fungi used in dyeing > [noun] > others

corkir1703

Canary weed1712

perelle1712

Canary moss1738

cudbear1767

aweto1845

Mauritius weed1858

velvet moss1858

1738 G. C. Deering Catalogus Stirpium To Reader sig. B3v If the Canary Moss called Orcella had not been taken Notice of, we should never have found out its Use in Dying.

1837 Jrnl. Royal Asiatic Soc. 4 4 The great similarity between the good and bad Canary Mosses, renders the collection of the good a matter of some difficulty.

1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 759/2 [Moss] , Canary. Parmelia perlata, a lichen used for dyeing.

1886 Chemist & Druggist 3 Apr. 273/2 Of Canary Moss two bales freshly imported were bought in at 30s. per cwt.

1949 Jrnl. N.Y. Bot. Garden 50 110 Among the common designations for the dye-yielding lichens..are such geographic designations as..Canary moss (for this [sic. Roccella tinctoria] or for Parmelia perlata).

1993 Selvagens Islands Nature Reserve, Portugal (Council of Europe) 8 Canary moss was greatly used in dyeing (it produces a purple colour which is used to dye cloth and paper) and was exported in caravel ships to England and Flanders.

f. canary reed n. a tall grass with a long lobed inflorescence, Phalaris arundinacea, native to waterside and marshy locations in north temperate regions; = Canary grass n. (b) at sense 1c.Also called reed canary grass.Cf. reed-grass n. 2(b).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > [noun] > phalaris grasses

grass corn1548

phalaris1548

Canary seed1578

Canary grass1597

chameleon grass1597

lady's laces1597

painted grass1597

sword-grass1598

silver grass1600

Canary1723

reed canary grass1762

ribbon grass1786

gardener's garters1820

dagger-grass1834

daggers1847

bride's laces1854

canary reed1884

1884 W. Miller Dict. Eng. Names Plants 229 Canary Reed.

1898 35th Ann. Rep. Mass. Agric. College 192 (table) Canary Reed (Phalaris arundinaria).

1910 Proc. Liverpool Bot. Soc. 3rd & 4th Sess. 58 The swampy margins of the pond above the mill were tenanted by a miniature forest of the Canary Reed.

1995 Biomass & Bioenergy 8 419 The introduction of a biorefining step was found to be justified in the case of winter wheat straw and canary reed.

2003 C. Packham Wild Side of Town 128 The plant succession moves..to Canary Reed and rushes in areas of swamp.

g. Canary banana n. a common dwarf cultivar of banana first imported from the Canary Islands; a plant bearing such a fruit. Canary bananas were first imported to England from the Canary Islands in 1888, but the plant is not native to that region.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > banana > [noun] > types of

plantain1582

ensete1790

fei1829

Canary banana1889

lady's finger1893

Gros Michel1913

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > tropical exotic fruit > banana > types of

apple of paradise1572

plantain1582

Adam's apple1588

plantain1756

ensete1790

fei1829

Abyssinian banana1859

honey banana1877

scarlet banana1885

Canary banana1889

lady's finger banana1893

Gros Michel1913

honey1938

1889 Illustr. Naval & Mil. Mag. Oct. 1469 With the increasing demand for Canary bananas, oranges, tomatoes, &c., the picking and packing of fruit for export will require skill and attention.

1890 Times 13 Aug. 9/6 Canary bananas, 5s. to 10s. per bunch.

1953 Jrnl. Ecol. 41 56 In the lower fields the usual crops are maize, sweet potatoes and the Canary banana.

2010 J. C. Robinson & V. G. Saúco Bananas & Plantains (ed. 2) ii. 27 Dwarf Cavendish type. The main cultivar is ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ and synonyms of this are ‘Canary Banana’, ‘Dwarf Chinese’,..and ‘Enano’.

2. Canary sack n. now historical a sweet fortified white wine produced in the Canary Islands; a variety of this; cf. Canary wine n., sack n.³

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > wines of other regions > [noun] > Canary Islands

Canary wine1576

canary1599

Canary sack1601

canadoe1610

aristippus1640

verdona1703

Vidonia1723

Teneriffe1791

1601 J. Marston et al. Iacke Drums Entertainm. iv. sig. G3^v Boy fetch vs a quart of Canary Sack.

a1640 P. Massinger City-Madam (1658) iv. i. 76 All the Conduits Spouting Canary Sack.

1784 J. Douglas Cook's Voy. Pacific I. i. ii. 19 Formerly, there was made at Teneriffe a great quantity of Canary sack.

1845 T. M. Hughes Revelations of Spain II. xxxiv. 347 It is the sherry sack that is now approved, the consumption of canary sack having become greatly reduced.

2009 A. Bredsdorff Trials & Trav. W. Leyel ix. 120 The crew spent their time drinking—there may have been a store of Leyel's good Canary sack on board.

3. Canary finch n. a canary, Serinus canaria; = canary bird n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > arboreal families > family Fringillidae (finch) > [noun] > subfamily Carduelinae > genus Serinus > serinus canaria (canary)

serin1530

canary bird1562

Canary finch1608

canary1622

sugar-bird1688

1608 W. Bettie Hist. Titana & Theseus sig. C2^v What Indian Rauens, and Grecian Larkes, what Canarie-Finch, or siluer Swanes durst with their harmoniall tunes intice my loue from foorth her bed before I came?

1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet Healths Improvem. xi. 103 So also doth the Canarie Finch or siskin.

1793 J. Leslie tr. Comte de Buffon Nat. Hist. Birds IV. 3 The Canary Finch sings at all times, recreates our spirits in the gloomiest weather.

1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 228 Canary bird, or Canary finch.

1892 R. B. Sanyal Hand-bk. Managem. Animals in Captivity Lower Bengal ii. 219 (Serinus Canarius—(Linn.)) The canary finch is so well-known a bird that any description would be superfluous.

1907 Irish Naturalist 16 175 Recent gifts include..three Canary Finches from Mr. J. Beers, and two Herring Gulls from Dr. H. E. Evans.

1996 Microbial Pathogenesis 20 322 Except for the brief period of diarrhoea the Canary finches did not show any signs of disease and their fat levels remained unchanged.

II. Simple uses.

4. Short for Canary grass n. (a) at sense 1c or Canary seed n. at sense 1b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > [noun] > phalaris grasses

grass corn1548

phalaris1548

Canary seed1578

Canary grass1597

chameleon grass1597

lady's laces1597

painted grass1597

sword-grass1598

silver grass1600

Canary1723

reed canary grass1762

ribbon grass1786

gardener's garters1820

dagger-grass1834

daggers1847

bride's laces1854

canary reed1884

1723 J. Lewis Hist. Isle Tenet 49 When the Wheat is all up and imbarned, (and sometimes later,) the Harvest of the Canary usually comes on.

1838 D. F. Ames Cottage Comforts 317/1 I prefer to have one sort of food constantly in the meat box, and then scatter hemp seed, canary, or rape, as a treat.

1903 Avicultural Mag. Aug. 336 Would it be any advantage to scald some canary and Indian millet for them?

2001 C. Koepff & A. Romagnano Finch Handbk. (ed. 2) viii. 117/1 Food: Canary, hulled oats, peeled oats, various kinds of millet, sprouted canary and oats.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

canaryn.²

Brit.

/kəˈnɛːri/, U.S.

/kəˈnɛri/

Forms:

α. (In plural form) 1500s–1700s canaries, 1600s cannaries; also Scottish pre-1700 kinairies.

β. 1600s canari, 1600s 1800s canarie, 1600s– canary.

γ. 1700s– canario.

Also with capital initial.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Spanish. Etymons: French canarie; Spanish canario.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French canarie kind of lively dance (1575), and its etymon (ii) Spanish canario (1554 or earlier), apparently a specific use as noun of canario of or relating to the Canary Islands (see Canary n.¹), as the dance was supposed to have originated in the Canary Islands.The change of gender from masculine in Spanish to feminine in French is probably due to analogy with other French names of dances, as well as danse dance n. itself. In α. forms apparently by analogy with other early modern English plural names of dances, e.g. galliards galliard n.¹ 2.

Now historical.

In singular and (formerly) plural. A lively dance similar to the jig or gigue; a piece of music intended to accompany this dance. Frequently with the.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > Spanish dance or dancing > [noun] > specific dances

canary1592

zambra1672

seguidilla1763

bolero1787

folia1790

malagueña1810

guaracha1828

polo?1830

cachucha1841

romalis1841

ole1845

zapateado1845

jota1846

rondeña1853

jaleo1865

flamenco1896

tango1896

bulerias1918

paso doble1919

farruca1931

seguiriyas1967

1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. C4 ^v As gingerly as if she were dancing the Canaries.

1609 Euerie Woman in her Humor sig. A4 Another as she goes, treads a Canarie pace.

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. i. 73 A medicine That's able to breath life into a stone..and make you dance Canari .

1655 tr. C. Sorel Comical Hist. Francion vii. 5 I played the Canaries [Fr. bransles], which almost all the company danced.

1709 B. Mandeville Virgin Unmask'd viii. 161 Now you may see..a grave Spaniard to French Musick dance the Canaries.

1789 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music IV. 89 Sometimes the canary, and sometimes the courant step.

1790 Coll. Voy. round World II. i. 413 The canario, first used by the Canarians.

1817 N. Drake Shakespeare & his Times II. ii. vii. 175 Beside the brawl, the pavan, the measure, and the canary, several other dances were in vogue.

1862 Athenæum 25 Jan. 111/3 Pécour it was who invented the ‘Canary’, a very lively dance, something like our Sir Roger de Coverley.

1979 Early Music 7 45/1 Overdotting in French gigues and canaries, with their fast speeds and separate bow strokes, is technically impractical.

2005 J. Hoskins Dances of Shakespeare v. 30 The canary must have displayed great energy and agility in Shakespeare's day.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

canaryn.³

Brit.

/kəˈnɛːri/, U.S.

/kəˈnɛri/

Forms: 1500s– canary, 1600s canara, 1600s canarie, 1600s canarye, 1600s cannaries (plural), 1600s cannary; also Scottish pre-1700 canaree, pre-1700 canerie, pre-1700 kennarie, pre-1700 kinnarie. Also with capital initial.

Origin: Apparently formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: Canary wine n.

Etymology: Apparently short for Canary wine n.

Now historical.

A sweet fortified white wine produced in the Canary Islands; a variety of this. Cf. Canary wine n.In early use also in plural in same sense.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > wines of other regions > [noun] > Canary Islands

Canary wine1576

canary1599

Canary sack1601

canadoe1610

aristippus1640

verdona1703

Vidonia1723

Teneriffe1791

1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health ccxvii. 211 Wine of Madera and Canary, they beare the name of Ilands from whence they are brought.]

1599 G. Chapman Humerous Dayes Myrth sig. E2 Iaques, I prethee fill me a cup of canary, three parts water.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 ii. iv. 25 Yfaith you haue drunke too much cannaries .

a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) i. iii. 78 Thou lack'st a cup of Canarie .

1667 London Gaz. No. 126/1 The St. Francis of Bilboa, laden with Canaries, and in her way was robbed..of one Hogshead of Wine.

1704 T. Ken Let. 6 Oct. in E. H. Plumptre Life Thomas Ken (1888) II. 153 Three bottles of canary for o^r sick friend.

1785 Theologico-controversistical Conf. at Hague I. 131 I added to the Mince-stew, a pint of Canary.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 320 To intoxicate large assemblies daily with claret or canary.

1872 Reliquary July 56 Punch was the Whig drink, while sack, claret, and canary were those of the Tories.

1978 Brit. Lib. Jrnl. 4 45 Sir William..disbursed over £20 on hogsheads of Canary.

2000 P. Pullman Amber Spyglass (2001) xxiii. 329 How they had explored the wine cellars, all thick with dust and cobwebs, and drunk some canary.

Compounds

† canary-sucking adj. Obsolete rare that has a taste for canary; that enjoys drinking canary.In both quots. with reference to clergymen and implying that they have expensive tastes or extravagant lifestyles.

ΚΠ

1641 J. Milton Of Reformation 22 What a plump endowment to the many-benefice-gaping mouth of a Prelate, what a relish it would give to his canary-sucking, and swan-eating palat.

1839 Wizard of Windshaw I. xvi. 270 Ne'er a canary-sucking parson for fifty miles round, but relisheth the smack o' Michael's hogsheads!

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† canaryn.⁴

Forms: 1600s canarie, 1600s 1800s canaries.

Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: quandary n.

Etymology: Humorous alteration of quandary n. (in early modern English pronounced with stress on the second syllable: see discussion at that entry).

Obsolete (pseudo-archaic in later use).

In singular and plural. A malapropism (by the character Mistress Quickly) for quandary n.In quot. 1841 probably after quot. a1616.

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) ii. ii. 60 You haue brought her into such a Canaries, as 'tis wonderfull: the best Courtier of them all..could neuer haue brought her to such a Canarie.

1841 Life & Times Dick Whittington iii. iv. 260 A gentle cook..was in a canaries about me, and shewed me gracious favour.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

canaryn.⁵

Brit.

/kəˈnɛːri/, U.S.

/kəˈnɛri/

Forms: 1600s canarie, 1600s– canary.

Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: canary bird n.

Etymology: Short for canary bird n.In sense 2a probably so called because some groups of convicts transported to Australia in the 19th cent. were issued with yellow or black-and-yellow uniforms; compare quot. 1827 at sense 2a. For earlier use in more general application to prisoners (compare sense 2b) see canary bird n. 2a.

1. Any of several Old World finches of the genus Serinus (family Fringillidae), native to Europe and Africa, esp. S. canaria, native to the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira, and widely popular as a cage and aviary bird for its melodious song. Cf. canary bird n., Canary finch n. at Canary n.¹ 3.The wild canary is typically yellow-green with dark streaks on its back. Domesticated canaries have been selectively bred for a variety of colours, pre-eminently bright yellow but also including orange, black, white, and red.hot canary, lizard canary, mule canary, roller canary: see first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > arboreal families > family Fringillidae (finch) > [noun] > subfamily Carduelinae > genus Serinus > serinus canaria (canary)

serin1530

canary bird1562

Canary finch1608

canary1622

sugar-bird1688

1622 H. Peacham Compl. Gentleman i. 12 Or lastly, for those, Sensus & animi oblectamenta, which the Almightie prouidence hath purposely, for our solace and recreation, and for no other end else created, as Apes, Parrots, Peacockes, Canarie, and all singing Birds.

1675 J. Blagrave New Additions Art Husbandry (new ed.) 107 Many Country-People cannot distinguish a Canary from one of our common Green-Birds.

1714 Bird-fancier's Delight 61 When you take them [sc. young canaries] from the old Canaries, take 'em in the Evening; and if you can possibly let the old Birds be out of sight.

1799 Sporting Mag. Mar. 323/1 I have taught almost all sorts, and have now by me three Canaries, that will go regularly through a tune.

1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 229 The hen canary will generally lay three or four times in the year.

1875 Standard 10 Feb. 1/5 The annual show of canaries and British and foreign cage birds will commence on Saturday, Feb. 13.

1894 R. B. Sharpe Hand-bk. Birds Great Brit. I. 52 The Canaries. Genus Serinus.

1938 Amer. Home Jan. 62/4 Failure to sing is not the only indication that something is wrong with a canary, its environment, or the treatment it receives.

1978 A. Maupin Tales of City 83 Overhead, in a plastic arbor, a mechanical canary twittered incessantly.

1993 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 11446/1 Testosterone was found in both canary and zebra finch eggs.

2014 T. McCulloch Stillman 47 He's about five feet tall and that yellow safety bib makes him look like a preening canary.

2. slang.

a. Australian. A transported convict. Cf. canary bird n. 2b. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > transported convict

transport felon1766

transport1767

croppy1800

canary1827

legitimate1827

canary bird1839

transportee1883

1827 P. Cunningham Two Years New S. Wales II. xxiv. 117 Convicts of but recent migration are facetiously known by the name of canaries, by reason of the yellow plumage in which they are fledged at the period of landing.

1864 C. C. Blake tr. P. Broca On Phenomena Hybridity iii. 48 There are..the pure Merinos, the convicts, the titled, the untitled, the canaries, the government men, the bushrangers, the emancipists, and some other classes of immigrants or convicts.

1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer vi. 49 Can't you get your canaries off the track here for about a quarter of an hour and let my mob of cattle pass?

1998 T. Keneally Great Shame (2010) i. iii. 45 Larkin may have seen enough of Irish canaries in chain gangs in the plains beyond the small inland town of Liverpool..to feel dismally lucky.

b. gen. A prisoner; (originally) †a habitual offender, a jailbird (obsolete). Cf. canary bird n. 2a. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun]

prisona1225

prisonerc1384

enpresonéc1425

bird1580

warder1584

canary bird1593

penitentiala1633

convict1786

chum1819

lag1819

lagger1819

new chum1819

nut-brown1835

collegian1837

canary1840

Sydney duck1873

forty1879

zebra1882

con1893

yardbird1956

zek1968

1840 Dublin Univ. Mag. Sept. 306/2 This young jail-bird was often seen off his perch and hopping free and unquestioned with his brother canaries through the purlieus of Crow-street and Smock-alley.

1917 Dump Christmas No. 26 Ere yar Nobby two more canaries for the cage.

1971 J. McClure Steam Pig viii. 102 Constable! Take these two canaries and put them in separate cells.

3. A bright yellow colour resembling that of the plumage of a canary. Cf. earlier canary adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > yellow or yellowness > [noun] > bright yellow

canary1835

sunshine yellow1835

banana1923

sun-yellow1931

1835 Ladies' Cabinet July 67 Crape hats..are mostly trimmed with bouquets of moss roses, either of a delicate colour, or a pale canary.

1912 Los Angeles Times 29 Dec. viii. 7/1 I wish that you could see the lovely flowers in yellows, shading from pale canary to deep orange.

2002 A. L. Croutier Seven Houses 106 When she pulled [the silk]..out, the color had turned into a bright canary.

†4. slang (chiefly Australian). Any of various gold coins, as a guinea, a sovereign, or a half-sovereign. Cf. canary bird n. 3. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > [noun] > (a) gold coin

golds1478

gold coin1533

ruddock1567

red one1568

goldingc1580

pestle of a portigue1598

gold piece1606

yellowhammera1627

yellow boy1654

spanker1663

ridge1667

gold drop1701

spank1725

glistener1818

money-gold1841

canary1851

1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 52/1 A pair of Kerseymere Kicksies, any color, built very slap up, with the artful dodge, a canary.

1853 E. Clacy Lady's Visit Gold Diggings Austral. 163 In digger's slang, a ‘canary’ and half-a-sovereign are synonymous.

1888 G. Rock Colonists 40 Cheese yer clappers, old boy, I can look after the canaries.

1917 H. H. Richardson Austral. Felix i. i. 18 ‘Oh, lor, there go six canaries!’ For, at his wincing and shrinking, his friend had taken a penknife and ripped up the jackboot.

1928 ‘Brent of Bin Bin’ Up Country xiii. 203 The ‘Sweep Stakes’, for which every entrant had to pay a ‘canary’ and the winner scoop the pool.

†5. Angling. A kind of artificial fly which is predominantly yellow in colour. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > hunting > fishing > fishing-tackle > means of attracting fish > [noun] > artificial fly > types of

moor flylOE

drake-flya1450

dub-flya1450

dun cut1496

dun fly1496

louper1496

red fly1616

moorish fly1635

palmer1653

palmer fly1653

red hackle1653

red palmer1653

shell-fly1653

orange fly1662

blackfly1669

dun1676

dun hackle1676

hackle1676

mayfly1676

peacock fly1676

thorn-tree fly1676

turkey-fly1676

violet-fly1676

whirling dun1676

badger fly1681

greenfly1686

moorish brown1689

prime dun1696

sandfly1700

grey midge1724

whirling blue1747

dun drake?1758

death drake1766

hackle fly1786

badger1787

blue1787

brown-fly1787

camel-brown1787

spinner1787

midge1799

night-fly1799

thorn-fly1799

turkey1799

withy-fly1799

grayling fly1811

sun fly1820

cock-a-bondy1835

brown moth1837

bunting-lark fly1837

governor1837

water-hen hackle1837

Waterloo fly1837

coachman1839

soldier palmer1839

blue jay1843

red tag1850

canary1855

white-tip1856

spider1857

bumble1859

doctor1860

ibis1863

Jock Scott1866

eagle1867

highlander1867

jay1867

John Scott1867

judge1867

parson1867

priest1867

snow-fly1867

Jack Scott1874

Alexandra1875

silver doctor1875

Alexandra fly1882

grackle1894

grizzly queen1894

heckle-fly1897

Zulu1898

thunder and lightning1910

streamer1919

Devon1924

peacock1950

1855 Bell's Life in London 8 Apr. 6/2 A fly called the ‘Canary’, dressed on the same sized hook.

1867 F. Francis Bk. Angling x. 327 The Canary..is more often called the ‘Goldfinch’.

1885 J. P. Traherne in H. C. Pennell et al. Fishing (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) I. 198 The favourite fly in the spring being the ‘canary.’

1904 W. M. Gallichan Pract. Hints on Angling i. ii. 29 In fishing for sewin in Wales I have found the following patterns of flies useful:..Olive Dun, Black Gnat, Teal and orange body, and a bright yellow fly called the Canary.

6. A singer; esp. a female singer, a soprano.In quot. 1896: spec. (at Eton College) a chorister.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musician > singer > [noun] > female

singeressa1382

chantressc1390

singing girl1535

songstress1684

music-girl1734

cantatrice1803

chanteuse1823

canary1862

singstress1873

chantoosie1940

thrush1940

warbler1946

1862 C. S. Calverley Verses & Transl. 34 No darkringleted canaries Sing to me of ‘hungry foam’.

1896 A. D. Coleridge Eton in Forties 194 The Colets and Lord Tenterdens who started in life as ‘canaries’.

1937 Tempo Nov. 20/2 Martha Tilton is easily the best canary Goodman has had since Helen Ward.

1990 N.Y. Mag. 30 July 57/1 An aria apiece for the two competing sopranos. These canaries may be presented as caricatures, but their music is devilishly difficult.

2004 Daily Tel. 9 Nov. 23/1 He enjoyed a close friendship with the MGM canary Kathryn Grayson.

7. Criminals' slang. A woman who acts as a lookout while a crime (esp. a burglary) is committed; (also, more generally) the female accomplice or companion of a thief, gangster, etc. Cf. crow n.¹ 8a. Now rare and historical.

ΚΠ

1862 J. Binny in H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) Extra vol. 337/2 Sometimes a woman, called a ‘canary’, carries the tools [for the burglars] and watches outside.

1936 H. Corey Farewell, Mr. Gangster xxiii. 277 Canary, a woman lookout.

1940 Pop. Detective Apr. I am desperate, and my canary is waiting over at the tavern.

2014 R. Gilfillan Crime & Punishment in Victorian London i. 26 A female gang member called a canary may be used not only to carry tools (a woman being less likely to be challenged) but to distract interested parties from the scene of the robbery.

†8. In the Salvation Army: a yellow slip of paper on which a promise of a donation or subscription is written. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1885 All World May 119/1 Among the ‘canaries’ handed in, came one for five shillings.

1889 Pick-me-up 24 Aug. 322/2 When he [sc. William Booth] wants to make a special push for money at a big service or meeting he flies what he calls ‘canaries’. These are yellow strips of paper, with a form of ‘I promise to pay’, etc., printed upon them.

1890 Pall Mall Gaz. 8 May 6/2 An appeal was made for £5,000, and in response ‘canaries’, or promissory notes, were returned for considerably over £2,000.

9. slang (chiefly U.S.). A person who gives information, esp. of an incriminating nature, to the police or other authority; an informer. Cf. to sing (also chirp, etc.) like a canary at Phrases 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > informing on or against > [noun] > informer

wrayerc1000

wrobberc1300

discoverera1400

denunciator1474

informer1503

denouncer1533

detector1541

delatora1572

sycophant1579

inquisitor1580

scout1585

finger man1596

emphanista1631

quadruplator1632

informant1645

eastee-man1681

whiddler1699

runner1724

stag1725

snitch1785

qui tam1788

squeak1795

split1819

clype1825

telegraph1825

snitcher1827

Jack Nasty1837

pigeon1847

booker1863

squealer1865

pig1874

rounder1884

sneak1886

mouse1890

finger1899

fizgig1902

screamer1902

squeaker1903

canary1912

shopper1924

narker1932

snurge1933

cheese eater1935

singer1935

tip-off1941

top-off1941

tout1959

rat fink1961

whistle-blower1970

1912 Sat. Evening Post 7 Dec. 19/3 Since..[he] had twice declined to grease a ‘canary's’ hand and had twice disregarded a court warning, he had lost his liberty.

1929 E. J. Doherty Broadway Murders xlii. 273 Why don't you put the screws on Big Joe? I don't know anything. And even if I did—I ain't no canary.

1963 Montana Standard-Post 7 Sept. 4/4 (heading) Mafia canary to sing in Senate probe—organized crime's labor links sought.

1994 S. Belfrage Un-American Activities xiii. 229 The FBI's professional canary..had seen the light, come clean, and then got four years for perjury.

2008 M. Benson Organized Crime iii. 38 The use of canaries came in handy for FBI and IRS agents... The canary in question..was an imprisoned mobster.

Phrases

P1. canary in the coal mine and variants: an early indicator of the safety, status, or outcome of a situation (now frequently in environmental contexts).With reference to the former practice (recorded from at least the beginning of the 20th century) of taking live canaries into coal mines to test for the presence of toxic gases, typically carbon monoxide; the illness or death of the canaries would serve as an indication that such gases were present. Quot. 1915 shows an earlier figurative allusion to this practice.

ΚΠ

1915 Herald & News (Newberry, S. Carolina) 16 July 4/3 A Chautauqua is to a town what a canary is to a coal mine.]

1970 Audubon July 7/2 The epidemic rise of emphysema plus a plague of respiratory diseases—these are but the canary in the mine. They alert us to the ultimate catastrophe.

1992 Christian Sci. Monitor (Electronic ed.) 25 June 7 The health of salmon is a ‘canary-in-the-mine-shaft’ indicator of the ultimate well-being of the environment.

2011 S. Levy Once & Future Giants 186 The bay checkerspot was the ideal canary in the coal mine of global warming: rising temperatures would be expressed among butterflies before they would show in populations of mammals or birds.

P2. Originally U.S. to sing (also chirp, etc.) like a canary: to turn informer; (also) to confess. Cf. sense 9 and sing v.¹ 4d.

ΚΠ

1920 F. P. Adams in N.Y. Tribune 21 Sept. 10/5 Our heraldry expert..has designed this coat of arms for the Prohibitionist party:..Motto: ‘We sing like a canary.’

1931 W. N. Burns One-Way Ride 46 A stool pigeon's been squawking. That bird's been singing like a canary lately.

1973 V. Teresa & T. C. Renner My Life in Mafia vi. 67 The cops had been trying to nail me for years, but couldn't until he chirped like a canary.

2005 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 19 Sept. i. 16/2 The federal prosecutors' careful protection of the employee's identity telegraphed one message to the many lawyers in county government: He or she must be singing like a canary.

P3. slang (originally and chiefly Irish English). to have a canary: to lose one's composure; to be extremely upset.Plausibly explained as a humorous play on coronary, but see also the comparable phrases to have kittens at kitten n. 3 and to have a cow at cow n.¹ Additions. The much earlier literary malapropism of canary for quandary (used by Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor) is unlikely to be related.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > excitement > nervous excitement > be in state of nervous excitement [verb (intransitive)]

to take ona1450

seethe1609

trepidate1623

to take on oneself1632

flutter1668

pother1715

to be upon the nettle (also in a nettle)1723

to be nerve all over1778

to be all nerve1819

to be (all) on wires1824

to break up1825

to carry on1828

to be on (occasionally upon or on the) edge1872

faff1874

to have kittens1900

flap1910

to be in, get in(to), a flap1939

to go sparec1942

to keep (also blow, lose) one's cool1964

faffle1965

to get one's knickers in a twist1971

to have a canary1971

to wet one's pants1979

tweak1981

1971 Irish Times 29 Apr. 13/4 The gallant fifteen of St Mary's, Are subject to sundry vagaries, When they play for the Cup, They so nearly slip up, Their supporters are having canaries!

1986 S. Gunnery We're Friends, aren't We? 68 He's grounded until he can collect his old age pension. Aunt Martha just about had a canary.

1997 L. Burrows in L. Holliday Children of Troubles (1998) iii. 296 My parents made it clear that they didn't approve and Granny nearly had a canary the night that Peter and Neil called at the door for me.

2006 Sunday Mail (Glasgow) (Nexis) 12 Feb. 78 Eck did it all under financial constraints that Advocaat, Walter Smith and Graeme Souness would have had a canary at.

2015 K. Miller Beauty & Werewolf viii. 81 I nearly had a canary watching you in there.

Compounds

Forming nouns and adjectives designating a bright yellow colour resembling that of the plumage of a canary. Cf. sense 3 and canary adj.

canary colour n.

ΚΠ

1860 L. McLeod Trav. Eastern Afr. II. 305 This wood is of a canary colour.

1919 Times 21 Aug. (Libr. ed.) 19/7 Beautiful jewels..one having a rare canary colour.

2011 USA Today (Nexis) 23 Feb. (Final ed.) 3 d Williams shone brighter than an Oscar statuette, thanks to this frock's canary color.

canary-coloured adj.

ΚΠ

1777 Daily Advertiser 3 Sept. A small, old, red Leather Trunk,..containing a Canary coloured Cloth Coat and Breeches.

1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. xxiv. 553 The butterflies..show themselves off in the sunlight, in their canary-coloured, crimson, and peacock-blue liveries.

2009 M. Stannard M. Spark (2010) v. 99 Derek sported checked shirts, a bow tie, lurid socks and a canary-coloured waistcoat.

canary-yellow n. and adj.

ΚΠ

1801 Lady's Mag. Aug. 399/2 The crape capotes are generally of two colours, strongly contrasted..lilac and canary yellow.

1821 Morning Post 2 July Canary yellow kid gloves.

1913 L. P. Gratacap Benjamin the Jew xx. 489 A rug of warm browns, canary yellows and sienna reds.

1969 F. Mowat Boat who wouldn't Float (1976) iii. 25 A large house painted in wide horizontal stripes of puce, canary yellow, and Pompeian red.

2001 R. Nicoll White Male Heart (2002) 48 They were both..staring at the figure coming towards them over the horizon in a canary-yellow jacket.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

canaryadj.

Brit.

/kəˈnɛːri/, U.S.

/kəˈnɛri/

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: canary n.⁵

Etymology: < canary n.⁵ Compare later canary n.⁵ 3.

Having a bright yellow colour resembling that of the plumage of a canary; canary-coloured.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > yellow or yellowness > [adjective] > bright yellow

sunnisha1413

sunnyc1500

canary1818

sunshine yellow1835

marigold1872

buttercup1879

nasturtium-yellow1892

sunglow1924

sun-yellow1924

1818 Ladies' Monthly Museum Sept. 170 A heading of net which is formed into a cork-screw roll by narrow canary satin riband.

1829 G. A. Thompson Narr. Official Visit to Guatemala from Mexico x. 139 I had on a blue frock dress coat, with canary silk linings.

1855 W. M. Thackeray Newcomes II. xiii. 128 The tall canary ones with white polls.

1946 Mich. Alumnus 2 Nov. 77/2 This studio..has a brown ceiling, with canary walls.

2004 Guardian (Nexis) 20 Nov. (Weekend Suppl.) 96 A bright canary underskirt peeks out from beneath the more conventional black layers.

Compounds

canary creeper n. a South American climbing annual plant, Tropaeolum peregrinum (family Tropaeolaceae), having wiry stalks and pale yellow flowers with frilled petals, widely cultivated as a garden plant.Also called canary bird.

ΚΠ

1849 Cottage Gardener May 81/1 A very lovely creeping annual, extremely suitable for the trellis or porch, is the canary creeper.

1944 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 4 Feb. 1 A house covered with canary creeper.

2006 Gardens Monthly Apr. 12/3 Canary creeper (Tropaeolum peregrinum),..[is] easy to grow from seed and will give a colourful display this summer.

canary pudding n. a type of steamed sponge cake typically flavoured with lemon; the mixture from which this is made. [The name apparently arose from the yellow colour of the pudding. However, some later recipes state that the dish should be flavoured or served with Madeira wine, suggesting an association with canary n.³ (compare quot. 1998, Madeira cake n. at Madeira n.¹ Compounds 1b).]

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > puddings > [noun] > sweet or fruit puddings

white pudding1588

quaking puddinga1665

apple pudding1708

cowslip pudding1723

plum pudding1811

roly-poly pudding1821

black cap1822

amber pudding1829

bird's nest pudding1829

slump1831

Bakewell pudding1833

roly-poly1835

dog in a (or the) blanket1842

castle pudding1845

ice pudding1846

pan pie1846

dick1849

roll-up1856

canary pudding1861

roly1861

treacle pud1861

Brown Betty1864

summer pudding1875

parfait1884

schalet1884

Sally Lunn pudding1892

Tommy1895

queen of puddings1903

layer-pudding1909

clafoutis1926

shrikhand1950

chocolate fondant1971

mud-pie1975

tiramisu1982

lava cake1994

1861 I. M. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. xxvii. 636 Canary Pudding..The weight of 3 eggs in sugar and butter, the weight of 2 eggs in flour, the rind of 1 small lemon, 3 eggs.

1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 382/2 Many different sponge puddings can be made, using the canary pudding mixture as a basis.

1998 C. G. Sinclair Internat. Dict. Food & Cooking 98/1 Canary pudding,..a basic steamed pudding mixture with half the flour replaced with fresh breadcrumbs, a third to a half of the milk with Madeira and flavoured with grated lemon zest.

2012 Toronto Star (Nexis) 7 July l4 Canary pudding ($8) is the only dessert worth ordering: a fluffy steamed cake shot through with lemon zest in a moat of crème anglaise.

canary stone n. (a) a yellow variety of chalcedony (rare); (b) a diamond of a bright yellow colour.

ΚΠ

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products 65/1 Canary Stone, a beautiful yellow species of carnelian, rather rare, and named from the resemblance of its colour to the plumage of a canary bird.

1892 G. H. Ellwanger In Gold & Silver 47 A large diamond figure comparable only to a superb canary stone in brilliancy.

1916 P. C. MacFarlane Held to Answer xxi. 235 I have a perfect passion for diamonds! That canary stone has temperament, life almost... It seems to me that it reflects my moods.

1981 tr. M. Uyldert Magic of Precious Stones xvi. 93 The yellow variety [of chalcedony] is known as canary stone.

2008 Worth Jan.–Feb. 85/1 Yellow diamonds are the most abundant colored diamonds, but the richness of a true canary stone, as bright as the bird's feathers, set him on a quest to capture as many other intoxicating colors as he could.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

canaryv.

Brit.

/kəˈnɛːri/, U.S.

/kəˈnɛri/

Forms: see canary n.²

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: canary n.²

Etymology: < canary n.²

Now archaic and rare.

intransitive. To dance the canary (canary n.²); to dance in a lively way. Also transitive with it.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > Spanish dance or dancing > Spanish dance [verb (intransitive)]

canary1598

1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost iii. i. 11 To Iigge off a tune at the tongues ende, canarie to it with your feete.

1759 W. Rider New Universal Eng. Dict. To canary, (a cant word) implying a particular method of footing, used in jigs, or country dancing.

1812 W. Tennant Anster Fair iv. lxxxi. 101 Hoar-hair'd men..Canary in unconscionable rage.

1875 Godey's Lady's Bk. Oct. 331/1 We romped, shouted, and canaried about at our pleasure.

1931 B. Fitzpatrick Frail Anne Boleyn cxxxix. 298 He gyrated and chorused and canaryed it with the deft abandon of goat-footed Pan himself.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

n.¹1568

n.²1592

n.³1599

n.⁴a1616

n.⁵1622

adj.1818

v.1598

单词	canary
释义	Canaryn.¹ Brit. /kəˈnɛːri/, U.S. /kəˈnɛri/ Forms: 1500s–1600s canarie, 1600s– canary. Also with lower-case initial. Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Canary. Etymology: < the name of the Canary Islands (Spanish Canarias, plural noun, more fully Islas Canarias), an archipelago of seven main islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Africa.The ulterior etymology of the name of the archipelago is uncertain and disputed. The most widely cited derivation is ultimately < post-classical Latin Canaria , in Canaria insula ‘Isle of Dogs’, the name of one of the Fortunate Isles (c300 in Arnobius as Canariae insulae , plural) < classical Latin canāria , feminine of canārius of or relating to dogs (Pliny; < canis dog (see Canis n.) + -ārius -ary suffix¹) + insula island (see insula n.). Compare Spanish canario of or relating to the Canary Islands (implied c1350 by Canaria, probably denoting Gran Canaria), which is often identified with canario resembling a dog (c1275). Pliny relates that the Mauritanian king Juba II named one of the larger islands of the archipelago (probably to be identified with present-day Gran Canaria) Canaria on account of the multitude of dogs living there; however, his account may reflect a rationalization of a local name. European settlers first arrived on the islands, which already had an established indigenous population, in the 14th cent. The Castilian conquest of the archipelago began in 1402; the islands became part of the kingdom of Castile in the late 15th cent., and are now an autonomous community of Spain. The name of the Canary Islands is attested in English contexts from the mid 16th cent., apparently earliest in the forms Ilandes of Canariae and Canaries (plural noun); compare:1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. f. 1^v These seuen Ilandes (therefore) called the Canaries [L. Canariae], were founde by chaunce by a frenche man, called Betanchor.1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. f. 1^v And thus all the Ilandes of Canariae [L. Canariae omnes] were added to the dominion of Spayne. I. Compounds.See also canary bird n., Canary wine n., Canary wood n.¹ 1. a. Canary sugar n. now historical sugar, typically pale brown and slightly coarse, produced in the Canary Islands. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > additive > sweetener > [noun] > sugar > unrefined or brown sugar red sugar?a1425 black sugarc1430 panele1562 Canary sugar1568 soft sugar1581 muscovado1592 moist sugar1604 cassonade1657 brown sugar1704 bastard1766 Lisbon1767 bastard sugar1785 moist1809 sand1819 panela1830 piloncillo1844 pilonci1845 penuche1847 1568 T. Hacket tr. A. Thevet New Found Worlde v. f. 8 I haue sene no suger made but in Egypt, and the canes that beare it growe on the brinke of Nyll, the which also is greatly estemed of the people..as much and rather more, than Canarie Suger [Fr. plus que de celuy de noz Canaries]. 1655 tr. M. Blochwitz Anatomia Sambuci iii. xiv. 84 Take of the best Canarie sugar lib. 6. let it melt and boyle in the fragrant water of the flowers, til it acquire a fit thickness, for making up tablets. 1796 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) II. 26 The stone itself is so richly impregnated with it [sc. Nitre], that it..forms white efflorescences and crusts resembling Canary Sugar. 1886 E. Liverpool (Ohio) Evening Rev. 10 Sept. Canary Sugar, 18 lbs. $1. 1922 Amer. Bee Jrnl. Nov. 513/2 We took a pound of Canary sugar reduced to a syrup, which we gave to a swarm enclosed within a glass hive. 2004 E. Stohls in S. B. Schwartz Trop. Babylons viii. 261 It was probably in Antwerp that Canary sugar achieved its entry into the supply of northern Europe. b. Canary seed n. the shiny brown seed of the grass Phalaris canariensis, commonly used as birdseed; such seeds collectively; (also) a plant producing such a seed (= Canary grass n. (a) at sense 1c). [Originally after early modern Dutch saet van Canarien (1554 in Dodoens, or earlier: see quot. 1578). In later use probably often understood as ‘seed for canaries’ (canary n.⁵ 1).] ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > [noun] > phalaris grasses grass corn1548 phalaris1548 Canary seed1578 Canary grass1597 chameleon grass1597 lady's laces1597 painted grass1597 sword-grass1598 silver grass1600 Canary1723 reed canary grass1762 ribbon grass1786 gardener's garters1820 dagger-grass1834 daggers1847 bride's laces1854 canary reed1884 the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > food eaten by birds > food for caged birds seed1562 Canary seed1578 alpiste1597 birdseed1661 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular fodder plants > [noun] > yielding birdseed Canary seed1578 Canary grass1597 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. xi. 465 This seede is called..of some Douchmen Spaensch saet, and Saet van Canarien, that is to say, Spanishe or Canarie seede. 1611 Rates Marchandizes sig. B4 Canarie seed, the hundreth weght—x l. 1675 J. Blagrave New Additions Art Husbandry (new ed.) 111 Mice..will destroy all the Canary-Seeds, and so consequently may starve your Canary-Birds. 1731 E. Albin Nat. Hist. Birds I. 62 Take Flower of Canary Seed, and the Inside of scalded Hempseed, of each a like Quantity,..mix and give it your young Birds. 1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xiii. 138 Canary seed..is found wild in the Canary Islands..and is cultivated in Europe for the food of Canary and other small Birds. 1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 230 Canary seed is chiefly cultivated in the Isle of Thanet in Kent, and about Sandwich. 1890 H. C. De Mille & D. Belasco Men & Women i. 13 No wonder Margery Knox won't take me seriously. Why don't you put me in yellow knickerbockers and feed me with canary seed? 1928 E. E. Hoyt Consumption of Wealth xvii. 178 If you think you are buying coffee you ought to get coffee and not chicory and canary seed. 1995 Maclean's 17 Apr. 53/3 Farmers switching into such alternate, higher-price crops as canola,..and canary seed. 2010 Observer 21 Mar. (Guide to Pets) 23/2 Don't just offer canary seed, use a mix instead. c. Canary grass n. a grass of the genus Phalaris, esp. (a) P. canariensis, native to the Mediterranean and cultivated elsewhere as a source of birdseed; cf. Canary seed n. at sense 1b; (b) P. arundinacea, native to waterside and marshy locations in north temperate regions; = canary reed n. at sense 1f.Cf. phalaris n. P. arundinacea is also called reed canary grass. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > [noun] > phalaris grasses grass corn1548 phalaris1548 Canary seed1578 Canary grass1597 chameleon grass1597 lady's laces1597 painted grass1597 sword-grass1598 silver grass1600 Canary1723 reed canary grass1762 ribbon grass1786 gardener's garters1820 dagger-grass1834 daggers1847 bride's laces1854 canary reed1884 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular fodder plants > [noun] > yielding birdseed Canary seed1578 Canary grass1597 1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 80 Canarie seed, or Canarie grasse after some, hath many small hairie rootes, from which arise small strawie stalkes iointed like corne, wherupon do grow leaues like those of Barly. 1651 L. Sowerby Ladies Dispensatory Table Vertues sig. Z3 Canary-grasse, helps pissing with pain. 1712 J. Petiver in Philos. Trans. 1710–12 (Royal Soc.) 27 380 It's call'd Canary grass, because brought from thence, and is the common Food of those Birds. 1787 J. Abercrombie Every Man his Own Gardener (ed. 11) 586/2 Phalaris canariensis, or Canary Grass (annual). 1808 Bury & Norwich Post 2 Mar. 439/1 The cultivation of the Canary-grass is understood to be as easy as that of any of the other spring crops. 1863 M. Plues Rambles in Search of Wild Flowers 313 The Canary-grass is familiar on account of its furnishing bird seed. 1911 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 63 68/2 Phalaris arundinacea L. Canary Grass. 1996 R. Mabey Flora Britannica 396/2 Canary-grass..and common millet..crop up frequently as casuals in gardens, pavement cracks and rubbish-tips. 2002 Field & Stream Oct. 108/1 The likeliest cover was a long wedge of canary grass bounded by the slough on one side. d. Canary weed n. now historical a lichen of the genus Roccella (family Roccellaceae); spec. a greyish-green lichen found in the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean, R. tinctoria, which is a source of the red or violet dye orchil.Also called orchil. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants used in dyeing > lichens or fungi used in dyeing > [noun] > others corkir1703 Canary weed1712 perelle1712 Canary moss1738 cudbear1767 aweto1845 Mauritius weed1858 velvet moss1858 1712 Daily Courant 15 July For Sale..63 Bags of Orchilla or Canary Weed. 1759 Philos. Trans. 1758 (Royal Soc.) 50 666 The orcelle, or Canary-weed..is found upon the rocks on the sea-coast. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 479/2 Some kinds, as the Canary weed, Roccella tinctoria, abound in colour. 1920 Textile Colorist July 457/1 In English Archil, Canary weed or Orchilla weed,..a lichen used for dyeing, and from which a kind of paint is also prepared. 2000 O. Gilbert Lichens i. 21 When supplies of Roccella in the Mediterranean were becoming exhausted, merchant adventurers chartered ships to bring back lucrative cargoes of ‘Canary weed’. e. Canary moss n. now historical either of two lichens found in the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean and used to produce dye, Roccella tinctoria (= Canary weed n. at sense 1d) and Parmotrema perlatum (family Parmeliaceae).Cf. rock moss n. at rock n.¹ Compounds 2e. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants used in dyeing > lichens or fungi used in dyeing > [noun] > others corkir1703 Canary weed1712 perelle1712 Canary moss1738 cudbear1767 aweto1845 Mauritius weed1858 velvet moss1858 1738 G. C. Deering Catalogus Stirpium To Reader sig. B3v If the Canary Moss called Orcella had not been taken Notice of, we should never have found out its Use in Dying. 1837 Jrnl. Royal Asiatic Soc. 4 4 The great similarity between the good and bad Canary Mosses, renders the collection of the good a matter of some difficulty. 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 759/2 [Moss] , Canary. Parmelia perlata, a lichen used for dyeing. 1886 Chemist & Druggist 3 Apr. 273/2 Of Canary Moss two bales freshly imported were bought in at 30s. per cwt. 1949 Jrnl. N.Y. Bot. Garden 50 110 Among the common designations for the dye-yielding lichens..are such geographic designations as..Canary moss (for this [sic. Roccella tinctoria] or for Parmelia perlata). 1993 Selvagens Islands Nature Reserve, Portugal (Council of Europe) 8 Canary moss was greatly used in dyeing (it produces a purple colour which is used to dye cloth and paper) and was exported in caravel ships to England and Flanders. f. canary reed n. a tall grass with a long lobed inflorescence, Phalaris arundinacea, native to waterside and marshy locations in north temperate regions; = Canary grass n. (b) at sense 1c.Also called reed canary grass.Cf. reed-grass n. 2(b). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > [noun] > phalaris grasses grass corn1548 phalaris1548 Canary seed1578 Canary grass1597 chameleon grass1597 lady's laces1597 painted grass1597 sword-grass1598 silver grass1600 Canary1723 reed canary grass1762 ribbon grass1786 gardener's garters1820 dagger-grass1834 daggers1847 bride's laces1854 canary reed1884 1884 W. Miller Dict. Eng. Names Plants 229 Canary Reed. 1898 35th Ann. Rep. Mass. Agric. College 192 (table) Canary Reed (Phalaris arundinaria). 1910 Proc. Liverpool Bot. Soc. 3rd & 4th Sess. 58 The swampy margins of the pond above the mill were tenanted by a miniature forest of the Canary Reed. 1995 Biomass & Bioenergy 8 419 The introduction of a biorefining step was found to be justified in the case of winter wheat straw and canary reed. 2003 C. Packham Wild Side of Town 128 The plant succession moves..to Canary Reed and rushes in areas of swamp. g. Canary banana n. a common dwarf cultivar of banana first imported from the Canary Islands; a plant bearing such a fruit. Canary bananas were first imported to England from the Canary Islands in 1888, but the plant is not native to that region. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > banana > [noun] > types of plantain1582 ensete1790 fei1829 Canary banana1889 lady's finger1893 Gros Michel1913 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > tropical exotic fruit > banana > types of apple of paradise1572 plantain1582 Adam's apple1588 plantain1756 ensete1790 fei1829 Abyssinian banana1859 honey banana1877 scarlet banana1885 Canary banana1889 lady's finger banana1893 Gros Michel1913 honey1938 1889 Illustr. Naval & Mil. Mag. Oct. 1469 With the increasing demand for Canary bananas, oranges, tomatoes, &c., the picking and packing of fruit for export will require skill and attention. 1890 Times 13 Aug. 9/6 Canary bananas, 5s. to 10s. per bunch. 1953 Jrnl. Ecol. 41 56 In the lower fields the usual crops are maize, sweet potatoes and the Canary banana. 2010 J. C. Robinson & V. G. Saúco Bananas & Plantains (ed. 2) ii. 27 Dwarf Cavendish type. The main cultivar is ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ and synonyms of this are ‘Canary Banana’, ‘Dwarf Chinese’,..and ‘Enano’. 2. Canary sack n. now historical a sweet fortified white wine produced in the Canary Islands; a variety of this; cf. Canary wine n., sack n.³ ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > wines of other regions > [noun] > Canary Islands Canary wine1576 canary1599 Canary sack1601 canadoe1610 aristippus1640 verdona1703 Vidonia1723 Teneriffe1791 1601 J. Marston et al. Iacke Drums Entertainm. iv. sig. G3^v Boy fetch vs a quart of Canary Sack. a1640 P. Massinger City-Madam (1658) iv. i. 76 All the Conduits Spouting Canary Sack. 1784 J. Douglas Cook's Voy. Pacific I. i. ii. 19 Formerly, there was made at Teneriffe a great quantity of Canary sack. 1845 T. M. Hughes Revelations of Spain II. xxxiv. 347 It is the sherry sack that is now approved, the consumption of canary sack having become greatly reduced. 2009 A. Bredsdorff Trials & Trav. W. Leyel ix. 120 The crew spent their time drinking—there may have been a store of Leyel's good Canary sack on board. 3. Canary finch n. a canary, Serinus canaria; = canary bird n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > arboreal families > family Fringillidae (finch) > [noun] > subfamily Carduelinae > genus Serinus > serinus canaria (canary) serin1530 canary bird1562 Canary finch1608 canary1622 sugar-bird1688 1608 W. Bettie Hist. Titana & Theseus sig. C2^v What Indian Rauens, and Grecian Larkes, what Canarie-Finch, or siluer Swanes durst with their harmoniall tunes intice my loue from foorth her bed before I came? 1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet Healths Improvem. xi. 103 So also doth the Canarie Finch or siskin. 1793 J. Leslie tr. Comte de Buffon Nat. Hist. Birds IV. 3 The Canary Finch sings at all times, recreates our spirits in the gloomiest weather. 1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 228 Canary bird, or Canary finch. 1892 R. B. Sanyal Hand-bk. Managem. Animals in Captivity Lower Bengal ii. 219 (Serinus Canarius—(Linn.)) The canary finch is so well-known a bird that any description would be superfluous. 1907 Irish Naturalist 16 175 Recent gifts include..three Canary Finches from Mr. J. Beers, and two Herring Gulls from Dr. H. E. Evans. 1996 Microbial Pathogenesis 20 322 Except for the brief period of diarrhoea the Canary finches did not show any signs of disease and their fat levels remained unchanged. II. Simple uses. 4. Short for Canary grass n. (a) at sense 1c or Canary seed n. at sense 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > [noun] > phalaris grasses grass corn1548 phalaris1548 Canary seed1578 Canary grass1597 chameleon grass1597 lady's laces1597 painted grass1597 sword-grass1598 silver grass1600 Canary1723 reed canary grass1762 ribbon grass1786 gardener's garters1820 dagger-grass1834 daggers1847 bride's laces1854 canary reed1884 1723 J. Lewis Hist. Isle Tenet 49 When the Wheat is all up and imbarned, (and sometimes later,) the Harvest of the Canary usually comes on. 1838 D. F. Ames Cottage Comforts 317/1 I prefer to have one sort of food constantly in the meat box, and then scatter hemp seed, canary, or rape, as a treat. 1903 Avicultural Mag. Aug. 336 Would it be any advantage to scald some canary and Indian millet for them? 2001 C. Koepff & A. Romagnano Finch Handbk. (ed. 2) viii. 117/1 Food: Canary, hulled oats, peeled oats, various kinds of millet, sprouted canary and oats. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). canaryn.² Brit. /kəˈnɛːri/, U.S. /kəˈnɛri/ Forms: α. (In plural form) 1500s–1700s canaries, 1600s cannaries; also Scottish pre-1700 kinairies. β. 1600s canari, 1600s 1800s canarie, 1600s– canary. γ. 1700s– canario. Also with capital initial. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Spanish. Etymons: French canarie; Spanish canario. Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French canarie kind of lively dance (1575), and its etymon (ii) Spanish canario (1554 or earlier), apparently a specific use as noun of canario of or relating to the Canary Islands (see Canary n.¹), as the dance was supposed to have originated in the Canary Islands.The change of gender from masculine in Spanish to feminine in French is probably due to analogy with other French names of dances, as well as danse dance n. itself. In α. forms apparently by analogy with other early modern English plural names of dances, e.g. galliards galliard n.¹ 2. Now historical. In singular and (formerly) plural. A lively dance similar to the jig or gigue; a piece of music intended to accompany this dance. Frequently with the. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > Spanish dance or dancing > [noun] > specific dances canary1592 zambra1672 seguidilla1763 bolero1787 folia1790 malagueña1810 guaracha1828 polo?1830 cachucha1841 romalis1841 ole1845 zapateado1845 jota1846 rondeña1853 jaleo1865 flamenco1896 tango1896 bulerias1918 paso doble1919 farruca1931 seguiriyas1967 1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. C4 ^v As gingerly as if she were dancing the Canaries. 1609 Euerie Woman in her Humor sig. A4 Another as she goes, treads a Canarie pace. a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. i. 73 A medicine That's able to breath life into a stone..and make you dance Canari . View more context for this quotation 1655 tr. C. Sorel Comical Hist. Francion vii. 5 I played the Canaries [Fr. bransles], which almost all the company danced. 1709 B. Mandeville Virgin Unmask'd viii. 161 Now you may see..a grave Spaniard to French Musick dance the Canaries. 1789 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music IV. 89 Sometimes the canary, and sometimes the courant step. 1790 Coll. Voy. round World II. i. 413 The canario, first used by the Canarians. 1817 N. Drake Shakespeare & his Times II. ii. vii. 175 Beside the brawl, the pavan, the measure, and the canary, several other dances were in vogue. 1862 Athenæum 25 Jan. 111/3 Pécour it was who invented the ‘Canary’, a very lively dance, something like our Sir Roger de Coverley. 1979 Early Music 7 45/1 Overdotting in French gigues and canaries, with their fast speeds and separate bow strokes, is technically impractical. 2005 J. Hoskins Dances of Shakespeare v. 30 The canary must have displayed great energy and agility in Shakespeare's day. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021). canaryn.³ Brit. /kəˈnɛːri/, U.S. /kəˈnɛri/ Forms: 1500s– canary, 1600s canara, 1600s canarie, 1600s canarye, 1600s cannaries (plural), 1600s cannary; also Scottish pre-1700 canaree, pre-1700 canerie, pre-1700 kennarie, pre-1700 kinnarie. Also with capital initial. Origin: Apparently formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: Canary wine n. Etymology: Apparently short for Canary wine n. Now historical. A sweet fortified white wine produced in the Canary Islands; a variety of this. Cf. Canary wine n.In early use also in plural in same sense. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > wines of other regions > [noun] > Canary Islands Canary wine1576 canary1599 Canary sack1601 canadoe1610 aristippus1640 verdona1703 Vidonia1723 Teneriffe1791 1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health ccxvii. 211 Wine of Madera and Canary, they beare the name of Ilands from whence they are brought.] 1599 G. Chapman Humerous Dayes Myrth sig. E2 Iaques, I prethee fill me a cup of canary, three parts water. 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 ii. iv. 25 Yfaith you haue drunke too much cannaries . View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) i. iii. 78 Thou lack'st a cup of Canarie . View more context for this quotation 1667 London Gaz. No. 126/1 The St. Francis of Bilboa, laden with Canaries, and in her way was robbed..of one Hogshead of Wine. 1704 T. Ken Let. 6 Oct. in E. H. Plumptre Life Thomas Ken (1888) II. 153 Three bottles of canary for o^r sick friend. 1785 Theologico-controversistical Conf. at Hague I. 131 I added to the Mince-stew, a pint of Canary. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 320 To intoxicate large assemblies daily with claret or canary. 1872 Reliquary July 56 Punch was the Whig drink, while sack, claret, and canary were those of the Tories. 1978 Brit. Lib. Jrnl. 4 45 Sir William..disbursed over £20 on hogsheads of Canary. 2000 P. Pullman Amber Spyglass (2001) xxiii. 329 How they had explored the wine cellars, all thick with dust and cobwebs, and drunk some canary. Compounds † canary-sucking adj. Obsolete rare that has a taste for canary; that enjoys drinking canary.In both quots. with reference to clergymen and implying that they have expensive tastes or extravagant lifestyles. ΚΠ 1641 J. Milton Of Reformation 22 What a plump endowment to the many-benefice-gaping mouth of a Prelate, what a relish it would give to his canary-sucking, and swan-eating palat. 1839 Wizard of Windshaw I. xvi. 270 Ne'er a canary-sucking parson for fifty miles round, but relisheth the smack o' Michael's hogsheads! This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † canaryn.⁴ Forms: 1600s canarie, 1600s 1800s canaries. Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: quandary n. Etymology: Humorous alteration of quandary n. (in early modern English pronounced with stress on the second syllable: see discussion at that entry). Obsolete (pseudo-archaic in later use). In singular and plural. A malapropism (by the character Mistress Quickly) for quandary n.In quot. 1841 probably after quot. a1616. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) ii. ii. 60 You haue brought her into such a Canaries, as 'tis wonderfull: the best Courtier of them all..could neuer haue brought her to such a Canarie. 1841 Life & Times Dick Whittington iii. iv. 260 A gentle cook..was in a canaries about me, and shewed me gracious favour. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2020). canaryn.⁵ Brit. /kəˈnɛːri/, U.S. /kəˈnɛri/ Forms: 1600s canarie, 1600s– canary. Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: canary bird n. Etymology: Short for canary bird n.In sense 2a probably so called because some groups of convicts transported to Australia in the 19th cent. were issued with yellow or black-and-yellow uniforms; compare quot. 1827 at sense 2a. For earlier use in more general application to prisoners (compare sense 2b) see canary bird n. 2a. 1. Any of several Old World finches of the genus Serinus (family Fringillidae), native to Europe and Africa, esp. S. canaria, native to the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira, and widely popular as a cage and aviary bird for its melodious song. Cf. canary bird n., Canary finch n. at Canary n.¹ 3.The wild canary is typically yellow-green with dark streaks on its back. Domesticated canaries have been selectively bred for a variety of colours, pre-eminently bright yellow but also including orange, black, white, and red.hot canary, lizard canary, mule canary, roller canary: see first element. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > arboreal families > family Fringillidae (finch) > [noun] > subfamily Carduelinae > genus Serinus > serinus canaria (canary) serin1530 canary bird1562 Canary finch1608 canary1622 sugar-bird1688 1622 H. Peacham Compl. Gentleman i. 12 Or lastly, for those, Sensus & animi oblectamenta, which the Almightie prouidence hath purposely, for our solace and recreation, and for no other end else created, as Apes, Parrots, Peacockes, Canarie, and all singing Birds. 1675 J. Blagrave New Additions Art Husbandry (new ed.) 107 Many Country-People cannot distinguish a Canary from one of our common Green-Birds. 1714 Bird-fancier's Delight 61 When you take them [sc. young canaries] from the old Canaries, take 'em in the Evening; and if you can possibly let the old Birds be out of sight. 1799 Sporting Mag. Mar. 323/1 I have taught almost all sorts, and have now by me three Canaries, that will go regularly through a tune. 1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 229 The hen canary will generally lay three or four times in the year. 1875 Standard 10 Feb. 1/5 The annual show of canaries and British and foreign cage birds will commence on Saturday, Feb. 13. 1894 R. B. Sharpe Hand-bk. Birds Great Brit. I. 52 The Canaries. Genus Serinus. 1938 Amer. Home Jan. 62/4 Failure to sing is not the only indication that something is wrong with a canary, its environment, or the treatment it receives. 1978 A. Maupin Tales of City 83 Overhead, in a plastic arbor, a mechanical canary twittered incessantly. 1993 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 11446/1 Testosterone was found in both canary and zebra finch eggs. 2014 T. McCulloch Stillman 47 He's about five feet tall and that yellow safety bib makes him look like a preening canary. 2. slang. a. Australian. A transported convict. Cf. canary bird n. 2b. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > transported convict transport felon1766 transport1767 croppy1800 canary1827 legitimate1827 canary bird1839 transportee1883 1827 P. Cunningham Two Years New S. Wales II. xxiv. 117 Convicts of but recent migration are facetiously known by the name of canaries, by reason of the yellow plumage in which they are fledged at the period of landing. 1864 C. C. Blake tr. P. Broca On Phenomena Hybridity iii. 48 There are..the pure Merinos, the convicts, the titled, the untitled, the canaries, the government men, the bushrangers, the emancipists, and some other classes of immigrants or convicts. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer vi. 49 Can't you get your canaries off the track here for about a quarter of an hour and let my mob of cattle pass? 1998 T. Keneally Great Shame (2010) i. iii. 45 Larkin may have seen enough of Irish canaries in chain gangs in the plains beyond the small inland town of Liverpool..to feel dismally lucky. b. gen. A prisoner; (originally) †a habitual offender, a jailbird (obsolete). Cf. canary bird n. 2a. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] prisona1225 prisonerc1384 enpresonéc1425 bird1580 warder1584 canary bird1593 penitentiala1633 convict1786 chum1819 lag1819 lagger1819 new chum1819 nut-brown1835 collegian1837 canary1840 Sydney duck1873 forty1879 zebra1882 con1893 yardbird1956 zek1968 1840 Dublin Univ. Mag. Sept. 306/2 This young jail-bird was often seen off his perch and hopping free and unquestioned with his brother canaries through the purlieus of Crow-street and Smock-alley. 1917 Dump Christmas No. 26 Ere yar Nobby two more canaries for the cage. 1971 J. McClure Steam Pig viii. 102 Constable! Take these two canaries and put them in separate cells. 3. A bright yellow colour resembling that of the plumage of a canary. Cf. earlier canary adj. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > yellow or yellowness > [noun] > bright yellow canary1835 sunshine yellow1835 banana1923 sun-yellow1931 1835 Ladies' Cabinet July 67 Crape hats..are mostly trimmed with bouquets of moss roses, either of a delicate colour, or a pale canary. 1912 Los Angeles Times 29 Dec. viii. 7/1 I wish that you could see the lovely flowers in yellows, shading from pale canary to deep orange. 2002 A. L. Croutier Seven Houses 106 When she pulled [the silk]..out, the color had turned into a bright canary. †4. slang (chiefly Australian). Any of various gold coins, as a guinea, a sovereign, or a half-sovereign. Cf. canary bird n. 3. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > [noun] > (a) gold coin golds1478 gold coin1533 ruddock1567 red one1568 goldingc1580 pestle of a portigue1598 gold piece1606 yellowhammera1627 yellow boy1654 spanker1663 ridge1667 gold drop1701 spank1725 glistener1818 money-gold1841 canary1851 1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 52/1 A pair of Kerseymere Kicksies, any color, built very slap up, with the artful dodge, a canary. 1853 E. Clacy Lady's Visit Gold Diggings Austral. 163 In digger's slang, a ‘canary’ and half-a-sovereign are synonymous. 1888 G. Rock Colonists 40 Cheese yer clappers, old boy, I can look after the canaries. 1917 H. H. Richardson Austral. Felix i. i. 18 ‘Oh, lor, there go six canaries!’ For, at his wincing and shrinking, his friend had taken a penknife and ripped up the jackboot. 1928 ‘Brent of Bin Bin’ Up Country xiii. 203 The ‘Sweep Stakes’, for which every entrant had to pay a ‘canary’ and the winner scoop the pool. †5. Angling. A kind of artificial fly which is predominantly yellow in colour. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > hunting > fishing > fishing-tackle > means of attracting fish > [noun] > artificial fly > types of moor flylOE drake-flya1450 dub-flya1450 dun cut1496 dun fly1496 louper1496 red fly1616 moorish fly1635 palmer1653 palmer fly1653 red hackle1653 red palmer1653 shell-fly1653 orange fly1662 blackfly1669 dun1676 dun hackle1676 hackle1676 mayfly1676 peacock fly1676 thorn-tree fly1676 turkey-fly1676 violet-fly1676 whirling dun1676 badger fly1681 greenfly1686 moorish brown1689 prime dun1696 sandfly1700 grey midge1724 whirling blue1747 dun drake?1758 death drake1766 hackle fly1786 badger1787 blue1787 brown-fly1787 camel-brown1787 spinner1787 midge1799 night-fly1799 thorn-fly1799 turkey1799 withy-fly1799 grayling fly1811 sun fly1820 cock-a-bondy1835 brown moth1837 bunting-lark fly1837 governor1837 water-hen hackle1837 Waterloo fly1837 coachman1839 soldier palmer1839 blue jay1843 red tag1850 canary1855 white-tip1856 spider1857 bumble1859 doctor1860 ibis1863 Jock Scott1866 eagle1867 highlander1867 jay1867 John Scott1867 judge1867 parson1867 priest1867 snow-fly1867 Jack Scott1874 Alexandra1875 silver doctor1875 Alexandra fly1882 grackle1894 grizzly queen1894 heckle-fly1897 Zulu1898 thunder and lightning1910 streamer1919 Devon1924 peacock1950 1855 Bell's Life in London 8 Apr. 6/2 A fly called the ‘Canary’, dressed on the same sized hook. 1867 F. Francis Bk. Angling x. 327 The Canary..is more often called the ‘Goldfinch’. 1885 J. P. Traherne in H. C. Pennell et al. Fishing (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) I. 198 The favourite fly in the spring being the ‘canary.’ 1904 W. M. Gallichan Pract. Hints on Angling i. ii. 29 In fishing for sewin in Wales I have found the following patterns of flies useful:..Olive Dun, Black Gnat, Teal and orange body, and a bright yellow fly called the Canary. 6. A singer; esp. a female singer, a soprano.In quot. 1896: spec. (at Eton College) a chorister. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musician > singer > [noun] > female singeressa1382 chantressc1390 singing girl1535 songstress1684 music-girl1734 cantatrice1803 chanteuse1823 canary1862 singstress1873 chantoosie1940 thrush1940 warbler1946 1862 C. S. Calverley Verses & Transl. 34 No darkringleted canaries Sing to me of ‘hungry foam’. 1896 A. D. Coleridge Eton in Forties 194 The Colets and Lord Tenterdens who started in life as ‘canaries’. 1937 Tempo Nov. 20/2 Martha Tilton is easily the best canary Goodman has had since Helen Ward. 1990 N.Y. Mag. 30 July 57/1 An aria apiece for the two competing sopranos. These canaries may be presented as caricatures, but their music is devilishly difficult. 2004 Daily Tel. 9 Nov. 23/1 He enjoyed a close friendship with the MGM canary Kathryn Grayson. 7. Criminals' slang. A woman who acts as a lookout while a crime (esp. a burglary) is committed; (also, more generally) the female accomplice or companion of a thief, gangster, etc. Cf. crow n.¹ 8a. Now rare and historical. ΚΠ 1862 J. Binny in H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) Extra vol. 337/2 Sometimes a woman, called a ‘canary’, carries the tools [for the burglars] and watches outside. 1936 H. Corey Farewell, Mr. Gangster xxiii. 277 Canary, a woman lookout. 1940 Pop. Detective Apr. I am desperate, and my canary is waiting over at the tavern. 2014 R. Gilfillan Crime & Punishment in Victorian London i. 26 A female gang member called a canary may be used not only to carry tools (a woman being less likely to be challenged) but to distract interested parties from the scene of the robbery. †8. In the Salvation Army: a yellow slip of paper on which a promise of a donation or subscription is written. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1885 All World May 119/1 Among the ‘canaries’ handed in, came one for five shillings. 1889 Pick-me-up 24 Aug. 322/2 When he [sc. William Booth] wants to make a special push for money at a big service or meeting he flies what he calls ‘canaries’. These are yellow strips of paper, with a form of ‘I promise to pay’, etc., printed upon them. 1890 Pall Mall Gaz. 8 May 6/2 An appeal was made for £5,000, and in response ‘canaries’, or promissory notes, were returned for considerably over £2,000. 9. slang (chiefly U.S.). A person who gives information, esp. of an incriminating nature, to the police or other authority; an informer. Cf. to sing (also chirp, etc.) like a canary at Phrases 2. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > informing on or against > [noun] > informer wrayerc1000 wrobberc1300 discoverera1400 denunciator1474 informer1503 denouncer1533 detector1541 delatora1572 sycophant1579 inquisitor1580 scout1585 finger man1596 emphanista1631 quadruplator1632 informant1645 eastee-man1681 whiddler1699 runner1724 stag1725 snitch1785 qui tam1788 squeak1795 split1819 clype1825 telegraph1825 snitcher1827 Jack Nasty1837 pigeon1847 booker1863 squealer1865 pig1874 rounder1884 sneak1886 mouse1890 finger1899 fizgig1902 screamer1902 squeaker1903 canary1912 shopper1924 narker1932 snurge1933 cheese eater1935 singer1935 tip-off1941 top-off1941 tout1959 rat fink1961 whistle-blower1970 1912 Sat. Evening Post 7 Dec. 19/3 Since..[he] had twice declined to grease a ‘canary's’ hand and had twice disregarded a court warning, he had lost his liberty. 1929 E. J. Doherty Broadway Murders xlii. 273 Why don't you put the screws on Big Joe? I don't know anything. And even if I did—I ain't no canary. 1963 Montana Standard-Post 7 Sept. 4/4 (heading) Mafia canary to sing in Senate probe—organized crime's labor links sought. 1994 S. Belfrage Un-American Activities xiii. 229 The FBI's professional canary..had seen the light, come clean, and then got four years for perjury. 2008 M. Benson Organized Crime iii. 38 The use of canaries came in handy for FBI and IRS agents... The canary in question..was an imprisoned mobster. Phrases P1. canary in the coal mine and variants: an early indicator of the safety, status, or outcome of a situation (now frequently in environmental contexts).With reference to the former practice (recorded from at least the beginning of the 20th century) of taking live canaries into coal mines to test for the presence of toxic gases, typically carbon monoxide; the illness or death of the canaries would serve as an indication that such gases were present. Quot. 1915 shows an earlier figurative allusion to this practice. ΚΠ 1915 Herald & News (Newberry, S. Carolina) 16 July 4/3 A Chautauqua is to a town what a canary is to a coal mine.] 1970 Audubon July 7/2 The epidemic rise of emphysema plus a plague of respiratory diseases—these are but the canary in the mine. They alert us to the ultimate catastrophe. 1992 Christian Sci. Monitor (Electronic ed.) 25 June 7 The health of salmon is a ‘canary-in-the-mine-shaft’ indicator of the ultimate well-being of the environment. 2011 S. Levy Once & Future Giants 186 The bay checkerspot was the ideal canary in the coal mine of global warming: rising temperatures would be expressed among butterflies before they would show in populations of mammals or birds. P2. Originally U.S. to sing (also chirp, etc.) like a canary: to turn informer; (also) to confess. Cf. sense 9 and sing v.¹ 4d. ΚΠ 1920 F. P. Adams in N.Y. Tribune 21 Sept. 10/5 Our heraldry expert..has designed this coat of arms for the Prohibitionist party:..Motto: ‘We sing like a canary.’ 1931 W. N. Burns One-Way Ride 46 A stool pigeon's been squawking. That bird's been singing like a canary lately. 1973 V. Teresa & T. C. Renner My Life in Mafia vi. 67 The cops had been trying to nail me for years, but couldn't until he chirped like a canary. 2005 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 19 Sept. i. 16/2 The federal prosecutors' careful protection of the employee's identity telegraphed one message to the many lawyers in county government: He or she must be singing like a canary. P3. slang (originally and chiefly Irish English). to have a canary: to lose one's composure; to be extremely upset.Plausibly explained as a humorous play on coronary, but see also the comparable phrases to have kittens at kitten n. 3 and to have a cow at cow n.¹ Additions. The much earlier literary malapropism of canary for quandary (used by Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor) is unlikely to be related. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > excitement > nervous excitement > be in state of nervous excitement [verb (intransitive)] to take ona1450 seethe1609 trepidate1623 to take on oneself1632 flutter1668 pother1715 to be upon the nettle (also in a nettle)1723 to be nerve all over1778 to be all nerve1819 to be (all) on wires1824 to break up1825 to carry on1828 to be on (occasionally upon or on the) edge1872 faff1874 to have kittens1900 flap1910 to be in, get in(to), a flap1939 to go sparec1942 to keep (also blow, lose) one's cool1964 faffle1965 to get one's knickers in a twist1971 to have a canary1971 to wet one's pants1979 tweak1981 1971 Irish Times 29 Apr. 13/4 The gallant fifteen of St Mary's, Are subject to sundry vagaries, When they play for the Cup, They so nearly slip up, Their supporters are having canaries! 1986 S. Gunnery We're Friends, aren't We? 68 He's grounded until he can collect his old age pension. Aunt Martha just about had a canary. 1997 L. Burrows in L. Holliday Children of Troubles (1998) iii. 296 My parents made it clear that they didn't approve and Granny nearly had a canary the night that Peter and Neil called at the door for me. 2006 Sunday Mail (Glasgow) (Nexis) 12 Feb. 78 Eck did it all under financial constraints that Advocaat, Walter Smith and Graeme Souness would have had a canary at. 2015 K. Miller Beauty & Werewolf viii. 81 I nearly had a canary watching you in there. Compounds Forming nouns and adjectives designating a bright yellow colour resembling that of the plumage of a canary. Cf. sense 3 and canary adj. canary colour n. ΚΠ 1860 L. McLeod Trav. Eastern Afr. II. 305 This wood is of a canary colour. 1919 Times 21 Aug. (Libr. ed.) 19/7 Beautiful jewels..one having a rare canary colour. 2011 USA Today (Nexis) 23 Feb. (Final ed.) 3 d Williams shone brighter than an Oscar statuette, thanks to this frock's canary color. canary-coloured adj. ΚΠ 1777 Daily Advertiser 3 Sept. A small, old, red Leather Trunk,..containing a Canary coloured Cloth Coat and Breeches. 1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. xxiv. 553 The butterflies..show themselves off in the sunlight, in their canary-coloured, crimson, and peacock-blue liveries. 2009 M. Stannard M. Spark (2010) v. 99 Derek sported checked shirts, a bow tie, lurid socks and a canary-coloured waistcoat. canary-yellow n. and adj. ΚΠ 1801 Lady's Mag. Aug. 399/2 The crape capotes are generally of two colours, strongly contrasted..lilac and canary yellow. 1821 Morning Post 2 July Canary yellow kid gloves. 1913 L. P. Gratacap Benjamin the Jew xx. 489 A rug of warm browns, canary yellows and sienna reds. 1969 F. Mowat Boat who wouldn't Float (1976) iii. 25 A large house painted in wide horizontal stripes of puce, canary yellow, and Pompeian red. 2001 R. Nicoll White Male Heart (2002) 48 They were both..staring at the figure coming towards them over the horizon in a canary-yellow jacket. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021). canaryadj. Brit. /kəˈnɛːri/, U.S. /kəˈnɛri/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: canary n.⁵ Etymology: < canary n.⁵ Compare later canary n.⁵ 3. Having a bright yellow colour resembling that of the plumage of a canary; canary-coloured. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > yellow or yellowness > [adjective] > bright yellow sunnisha1413 sunnyc1500 canary1818 sunshine yellow1835 marigold1872 buttercup1879 nasturtium-yellow1892 sunglow1924 sun-yellow1924 1818 Ladies' Monthly Museum Sept. 170 A heading of net which is formed into a cork-screw roll by narrow canary satin riband. 1829 G. A. Thompson Narr. Official Visit to Guatemala from Mexico x. 139 I had on a blue frock dress coat, with canary silk linings. 1855 W. M. Thackeray Newcomes II. xiii. 128 The tall canary ones with white polls. 1946 Mich. Alumnus 2 Nov. 77/2 This studio..has a brown ceiling, with canary walls. 2004 Guardian (Nexis) 20 Nov. (Weekend Suppl.) 96 A bright canary underskirt peeks out from beneath the more conventional black layers. Compounds canary creeper n. a South American climbing annual plant, Tropaeolum peregrinum (family Tropaeolaceae), having wiry stalks and pale yellow flowers with frilled petals, widely cultivated as a garden plant.Also called canary bird. ΚΠ 1849 Cottage Gardener May 81/1 A very lovely creeping annual, extremely suitable for the trellis or porch, is the canary creeper. 1944 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 4 Feb. 1 A house covered with canary creeper. 2006 Gardens Monthly Apr. 12/3 Canary creeper (Tropaeolum peregrinum),..[is] easy to grow from seed and will give a colourful display this summer. canary pudding n. a type of steamed sponge cake typically flavoured with lemon; the mixture from which this is made. [The name apparently arose from the yellow colour of the pudding. However, some later recipes state that the dish should be flavoured or served with Madeira wine, suggesting an association with canary n.³ (compare quot. 1998, Madeira cake n. at Madeira n.¹ Compounds 1b).] ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > puddings > [noun] > sweet or fruit puddings white pudding1588 quaking puddinga1665 apple pudding1708 cowslip pudding1723 plum pudding1811 roly-poly pudding1821 black cap1822 amber pudding1829 bird's nest pudding1829 slump1831 Bakewell pudding1833 roly-poly1835 dog in a (or the) blanket1842 castle pudding1845 ice pudding1846 pan pie1846 dick1849 roll-up1856 canary pudding1861 roly1861 treacle pud1861 Brown Betty1864 summer pudding1875 parfait1884 schalet1884 Sally Lunn pudding1892 Tommy1895 queen of puddings1903 layer-pudding1909 clafoutis1926 shrikhand1950 chocolate fondant1971 mud-pie1975 tiramisu1982 lava cake1994 1861 I. M. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. xxvii. 636 Canary Pudding..The weight of 3 eggs in sugar and butter, the weight of 2 eggs in flour, the rind of 1 small lemon, 3 eggs. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 382/2 Many different sponge puddings can be made, using the canary pudding mixture as a basis. 1998 C. G. Sinclair Internat. Dict. Food & Cooking 98/1 Canary pudding,..a basic steamed pudding mixture with half the flour replaced with fresh breadcrumbs, a third to a half of the milk with Madeira and flavoured with grated lemon zest. 2012 Toronto Star (Nexis) 7 July l4 Canary pudding ($8) is the only dessert worth ordering: a fluffy steamed cake shot through with lemon zest in a moat of crème anglaise. canary stone n. (a) a yellow variety of chalcedony (rare); (b) a diamond of a bright yellow colour. ΚΠ 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products 65/1 Canary Stone, a beautiful yellow species of carnelian, rather rare, and named from the resemblance of its colour to the plumage of a canary bird. 1892 G. H. Ellwanger In Gold & Silver 47 A large diamond figure comparable only to a superb canary stone in brilliancy. 1916 P. C. MacFarlane Held to Answer xxi. 235 I have a perfect passion for diamonds! That canary stone has temperament, life almost... It seems to me that it reflects my moods. 1981 tr. M. Uyldert Magic of Precious Stones xvi. 93 The yellow variety [of chalcedony] is known as canary stone. 2008 Worth Jan.–Feb. 85/1 Yellow diamonds are the most abundant colored diamonds, but the richness of a true canary stone, as bright as the bird's feathers, set him on a quest to capture as many other intoxicating colors as he could. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022). canaryv. Brit. /kəˈnɛːri/, U.S. /kəˈnɛri/ Forms: see canary n.² Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: canary n.² Etymology: < canary n.² Now archaic and rare. intransitive. To dance the canary (canary n.²); to dance in a lively way. Also transitive with it. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > Spanish dance or dancing > Spanish dance [verb (intransitive)] canary1598 1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost iii. i. 11 To Iigge off a tune at the tongues ende, canarie to it with your feete. View more context for this quotation 1759 W. Rider New Universal Eng. Dict. To canary, (a cant word) implying a particular method of footing, used in jigs, or country dancing. 1812 W. Tennant Anster Fair iv. lxxxi. 101 Hoar-hair'd men..Canary in unconscionable rage. 1875 Godey's Lady's Bk. Oct. 331/1 We romped, shouted, and canaried about at our pleasure. 1931 B. Fitzpatrick Frail Anne Boleyn cxxxix. 298 He gyrated and chorused and canaryed it with the deft abandon of goat-footed Pan himself. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.¹1568n.²1592n.³1599n.⁴a1616n.⁵1622adj.1818v.1598
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Canaryn.1

canaryn.2

canaryn.3

Compounds

† canaryn.4

canaryn.5

Phrases

Compounds

canaryadj.

Compounds

canaryv.

Canaryn.¹

canaryn.²

canaryn.³

† canaryn.⁴

canaryn.⁵