† proviantn.

Forms: 1600s–1700s proviant; Scottish pre-1700 prouiant, pre-1700 proveant, pre-1700 1800s proviant, 1800s proviand.

Origin: Probably a borrowing from German. Etymon: German Proviant.

Etymology: Probably < German Proviant (15th cent.; also as †proviand ), further etymology uncertain: see note below. The word was apparently brought into English by soldiers who served in the Thirty Years' War (1618–48). Compare Middle Low German prōviand (1582 or earlier; also prōviande , prōviante , prōviant ), and also (apparently all < German) Dutch proviand (1634 or earlier; prouianden (plural) occurs in 1557, but may be a transmission error, as the same document has frequent instances of provanden , plural of provande provand n.), Swedish proviant (1545). Compare earlier provand n., provant n., and provender n.¹ 2.German Proviant is usually derived < Italian provianda in the same sense (now archaic). However, the Italian word is apparently first attested considerably later than the continental Germanic words (1641) and is itself of uncertain origin. The most likely suggestion is that it is an alteration of provenda provend n. after vivanda food (see viand n.¹). In view of the chronological difficulties, it is at least possible that German Proviant represents an alteration of provande (see provand n.) after Middle French viande food (see viand n.¹), rather than a borrowing from Italian (the Italian word could indeed show a borrowing from German). The form proviand probably shows the influence of viand n.¹ N.E.D. (1909) gives the pronunciation as (prǫ·viănt) /ˈprɒvɪənt/.

Obsolete. Originally and chiefly Scottish.

Provision, provender, esp. for an army; = provand n., provant n. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > [noun] > supply for army or soldiers

provand?c1341

provantc1475

garnison1481

proviant1627

iron rations1867

messing1884

1627 T. Kellie Pallas Armata 5 A regiment hath..a prouiant Master for prouiding of victuals.

1637 R. Monro Exped. Scots Regim. i. 7 Receiving all necessaries fitting for our march, as ammunition, proviant, and waggons, for our baggage.

1647 Sc. Acts Chas. I (1814) VI. 270/1 That all Regiments..be put and kept in equality, either in Money, Proveant, or Provision, according to their strength.

1703 T. Binning Light to Art of Gunnery (new ed.) B^v He must know if the Ground be diggable, and on what Side of the Leaguer the Proviant may be best and most securely brought in.

1786–8 F. Grose Mil. Antiq. I. 265 Since money (says he) is generally scarce in the wars..let us see what allowance of meat and drink (ordinarily called proviant) princes allow their soldiery.

1832 T. Carlyle Let. 17 Oct. in Coll. Lett. T. & J. W. Carlyle (1977) VI. 245 We want for nothing in the way of earthly proviant, and have many reasons to be content and diligent.

1885 A. Forbes Souvenirs of Continents (1894) 135 On one occasion, before Plevna, his imperturbable coolness stood him in good stead in the matter of ‘proviand’.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

ΚΠ

1637 R. Monro Exped. Scots Regim. i. 5 We were entertained on proviant bread, beere and bacon.

1870 Daily News 5 Dec. It was the wheel of his [own] gig that he had seen stuck on to the proviant waggon.

1880 A. Forbes in 19th Cent. 7 233 Marshall was hustling proviant columns up along the line of communications.

†C2.

proviant master n. [compare Dutch proviandmeester (1647), Middle Low German prōviantmēster (late16th or 17th cent.), German Proviantmeister (1556), Swedish proviant-mästare (1545); compare earlier provant master n.] Obsolete an officer in charge of a commissariat; a supplier of provisions in a regiment; = provant master n.

ΚΠ

1627Prouiant Master [see main sense].

1645 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1870) VI. i. 353/2 That there be proveant maisteres appointed alsweell for the north as for the south.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	proviant
释义	† proviantn. Forms: 1600s–1700s proviant; Scottish pre-1700 prouiant, pre-1700 proveant, pre-1700 1800s proviant, 1800s proviand. Origin: Probably a borrowing from German. Etymon: German Proviant. Etymology: Probably < German Proviant (15th cent.; also as †proviand ), further etymology uncertain: see note below. The word was apparently brought into English by soldiers who served in the Thirty Years' War (1618–48). Compare Middle Low German prōviand (1582 or earlier; also prōviande , prōviante , prōviant ), and also (apparently all < German) Dutch proviand (1634 or earlier; prouianden (plural) occurs in 1557, but may be a transmission error, as the same document has frequent instances of provanden , plural of provande provand n.), Swedish proviant (1545). Compare earlier provand n., provant n., and provender n.¹ 2.German Proviant is usually derived < Italian provianda in the same sense (now archaic). However, the Italian word is apparently first attested considerably later than the continental Germanic words (1641) and is itself of uncertain origin. The most likely suggestion is that it is an alteration of provenda provend n. after vivanda food (see viand n.¹). In view of the chronological difficulties, it is at least possible that German Proviant represents an alteration of provande (see provand n.) after Middle French viande food (see viand n.¹), rather than a borrowing from Italian (the Italian word could indeed show a borrowing from German). The form proviand probably shows the influence of viand n.¹ N.E.D. (1909) gives the pronunciation as (prǫ·viănt) /ˈprɒvɪənt/. Obsolete. Originally and chiefly Scottish. Provision, provender, esp. for an army; = provand n., provant n. 1. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > [noun] > supply for army or soldiers provand?c1341 provantc1475 garnison1481 proviant1627 iron rations1867 messing1884 1627 T. Kellie Pallas Armata 5 A regiment hath..a prouiant Master for prouiding of victuals. 1637 R. Monro Exped. Scots Regim. i. 7 Receiving all necessaries fitting for our march, as ammunition, proviant, and waggons, for our baggage. 1647 Sc. Acts Chas. I (1814) VI. 270/1 That all Regiments..be put and kept in equality, either in Money, Proveant, or Provision, according to their strength. 1703 T. Binning Light to Art of Gunnery (new ed.) B^v He must know if the Ground be diggable, and on what Side of the Leaguer the Proviant may be best and most securely brought in. 1786–8 F. Grose Mil. Antiq. I. 265 Since money (says he) is generally scarce in the wars..let us see what allowance of meat and drink (ordinarily called proviant) princes allow their soldiery. 1832 T. Carlyle Let. 17 Oct. in Coll. Lett. T. & J. W. Carlyle (1977) VI. 245 We want for nothing in the way of earthly proviant, and have many reasons to be content and diligent. 1885 A. Forbes Souvenirs of Continents (1894) 135 On one occasion, before Plevna, his imperturbable coolness stood him in good stead in the matter of ‘proviand’. Compounds C1. General attributive. ΚΠ 1637 R. Monro Exped. Scots Regim. i. 5 We were entertained on proviant bread, beere and bacon. 1870 Daily News 5 Dec. It was the wheel of his [own] gig that he had seen stuck on to the proviant waggon. 1880 A. Forbes in 19th Cent. 7 233 Marshall was hustling proviant columns up along the line of communications. †C2. proviant master n. [compare Dutch proviandmeester (1647), Middle Low German prōviantmēster (late16th or 17th cent.), German Proviantmeister (1556), Swedish proviant-mästare (1545); compare earlier provant master n.] Obsolete an officer in charge of a commissariat; a supplier of provisions in a regiment; = provant master n. ΚΠ 1627Prouiant Master [see main sense]. 1645 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1870) VI. i. 353/2 That there be proveant maisteres appointed alsweell for the north as for the south. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.1627
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