Pugwash Conferences

(formally called Conferences on Science and World Affairs), international meetings of scientists supporting peace, disarmament, and international security, the prevention of world thermonuclear war, and scientific cooperation. The first conference was convened at the initiative of a group of world-renowned scientists, including A. Einstein, J. F. Joliot-Curie, and B. Russell, who in 1955 called on the scientists of all countries to speak out against the military uses of atomic energy. It was held in July 1957 in Pugwash, Canada, at the home of the American public figure and industrialist C. Eaton. At this conference, a permanent Pugwash committee was formed, with its home office in London. Subsequent conferences were held once or twice a year.

Table 1. Pugwash conferences
Conference	Place	Date
First………….	Pugwash, N.S., Canada	July 1957
Second………..	Lac Beauport, Que., Canada	April-May 1958
Third …………	Kitzbühel, Austria	September 1958
Fourth…………	Baden, Austria	June-July 1959
Fifth………….	Pugwash, N.S., Canada	August 1959
Sixth …………	Moscow, USSR	November-December 1960
Seventh and eighth ….	Stowe, Vt, USA	September 1961
Ninth …………	Cambridge, Great Britain	August 1962
Tenth …………	London, Great Britain	September 1962
Eleventh ……….	Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia	September 1963
Twelfth ………..	Udaipur, India	January 1964
Thirteenth ………	Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia	September 1964
Fourteenth ………	Venice, Italy	April 1965
Fifteenth ……….	Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	December 1965-January 1966
Sixteenth……….	Sopot, Poland	September 1966
Seventeenth……..	Ronneby, Sweden	September 1967
Eighteenth ………	Nice, France	September 1968
Nineteenth ………	Sochi, USSR	October 1969
Twentieth……….	Fontana, Wis., USA	September 1970
Twenty-first ……..	Sinaia, Rumania	August-September 1971
Twenty-second ……	Oxford, Great Britain	September 1972
Twenty-third ……..	Hameenlinna, Finland	August-September 1973
Twenty-fourth …….	Baden, Austria	August-September 1974

See Table 1 for a list of the Pugwash conferences.