| 单词 | law |
| 释义 | law (once / 16 pages) n Law has to do with rules and legal systems. If you live by the letter of the law, you follow society's guidelines to a T: you cross at the corner and always wait until the light is green. A law is a rule that specifies what you can and can't do. Laws govern communities, countries, and even the world. Your town might have a leash law for dog owners, and international law prohibits throwing garbage off a boat. You can also refer to the police as "the law," as in "Don’t make me call the law." Law also refers to the entire legal system: We are all equal before the law (at least in theory). WORD FAMILYlaw: lawful, lawless, laws, lawyer+/lawful: lawfully, lawfulness, lawlessly, unlawful/lawless: lawlessness/lawlessness: lawlessnesses/lawyer: lawyers/unlawful: unlawfully, unlawfulness USAGE EXAMPLESBut studying CBD is not easy: Scientists complain that laws and regulations put excessive constraints on their work. Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016) Lee, of Hopewell, practiced law for more than 30 years. Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017) But their actions starting Tuesday to end Obamacare will be far less sweeping, at least initially, than a full-blown repeal of the law. Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017) 1n the collection of rules imposed by authority civilization presupposes respect for the law Syn|Hypo|Hyper jurisprudence administrative law the body of rules and regulations and orders and decisions created by administrative agencies of government canon law, ecclesiastical lawthe body of codified laws governing the affairs of a Christian church civil lawthe body of laws established by a state or nation for its own regulation case law, common law, precedenta system of jurisprudence based on judicial precedents rather than statutory laws international law, law of nationsthe body of laws governing relations between nations law of the landa phrase used in the Magna Carta to refer to the then established law of the kingdom (as distinct from Roman or civil law); today it refers to fundamental principles of justice commensurate with due process martial lawthe body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis); overrides civil law commercial law, law merchant, mercantile lawthe body of rules applied to commercial transactions; derived from the practices of traders rather than from jurisprudence military lawthe body of laws and rules of conduct administered by military courts for the discipline, trial, and punishment of military personnel Law of Moses, Mosaic lawthe laws (beginning with the Ten Commandments) that God gave to the Israelites through Moses; it includes many rules of religious observance given in the first five books of the Old Testament (in Judaism these books are called the Torah) Islamic law, sharia, sharia law, shariah, shariah lawthe code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed statutory lawthe body of laws created by legislative statutes securities lawthe body of laws governing the issuance and selling of securities tax lawthe body of laws governing taxation case law, common law, precedent(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions legislation, statute lawlaw enacted by a legislative body admiralty law, marine law, maritime lawthe branch of international law that deals with territorial and international waters or with shipping or with ocean fishery etc. hudood, hududIslamic laws stating the limits ordained by Allah and including the deterrent punishments for serious crimes accumulation, aggregation, assemblage, collection several things grouped together or considered as a whole 2n legal document setting forth rules governing a particular kind of activity there is a law against kidnapping Exp|Hypo|Hyper Constitution of the United States the constitution written at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 and subsequently ratified by the original thirteen states anti-drug law a law forbidding the sale or use of narcotic drugs RICO, RICO Act, Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, anti-racketeering lawlaw intended to eradicate organized crime by establishing strong sanctions and forfeiture provisions antitrust law, antitrust legislationlaw intended to promote free competition in the market place by outlawing monopolies statute of limitationsa statute prescribing the time period during which legal action can be taken constitution, fundamental law, organic lawlaw determining the fundamental political principles of a government public lawa law affecting the public at large blue lawa statute regulating work on Sundays blue sky lawa state law regulating the sale of securities in an attempt to control the sale of securities in fraudulent enterprises gag lawany law that limits freedom of the press homestead lawa law conferring privileges on owners of homesteads poor lawa law providing support for the poor Riot Acta former English law requiring mobs to disperse after a magistrate reads the law to them prohibitiona law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages instrument, legal document, legal instrument, official document (law) a document that states some contractual relationship or grants some right 3n a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society Syn|Hypo|Hyper natural law divine law a law that is believed to come directly from God principlea basic truth or law or assumption sound lawa law describing sound changes in the history of a language dictatea guiding principle basic principle, basics, bedrock, fundamental principle, fundamentalsprinciples from which other truths can be derived logicthe principles that guide reasoning within a given field or situation pleasure principle, pleasure-pain principle, pleasure-unpleasure principle(psychoanalysis) the governing principle of the id; the principle that an infant seeks gratification and fails to distinguish fantasy from reality reality principle(psychoanalysis) the governing principle of the ego; the principle that as a child grows it becomes aware of the real environment and the need to accommodate to it insurrectionismthe principle of revolt against constituted authority conservation(physics) the maintenance of a certain quantities unchanged during chemical reactions or physical transformations Grimm's lawa sound law relating German consonants and consonants in other Indo-European languages Verner's lawa qualification of Grimm's law Taothe ultimate principle of the universe concept, conception, construct an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances 4n a generalization that describes recurring facts or events in nature the laws of thermodynamics Syn|Hypo|Hyper law of nature all-or-none law (neurophysiology) a nerve impulse resulting from a weak stimulus is just as strong as a nerve impulse resulting from a strong stimulus principle, rulea rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system Archimedes' principle, law of Archimedes(hydrostatics) the apparent loss in weight of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid Avogadro's hypothesis, Avogadro's lawthe principle that equal volumes of all gases (given the same temperature and pressure) contain equal numbers of molecules Bernoulli's law, law of large numbers(statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics Benford's lawa law used by auditors to identify fictitious populations of numbers; applies to any population of numbers derived from other numbers Bose-Einstein statistics(physics) statistical law obeyed by a system of particles whose wave function is not changed when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply) Boyle's law, Mariotte's lawthe pressure of an ideal gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the volume Coulomb's Lawa fundamental principle of electrostatics; the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them; principle also holds for magnetic poles Dalton's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, law of partial pressures(chemistry and physics) law stating that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture; the pressure of a gas in a mixture equals the pressure it would exert if it occupied the same volume alone at the same temperature distribution law(chemistry) the total energy in an assembly of molecules is not distributed equally but is distributed around an average value according to a statistical distribution equilibrium law, law of chemical equilibrium(chemistry) the principle that (at chemical equilibrium) in a reversible reaction the ratio of the rate of the forward reaction to the rate of the reverse reaction is a constant for that reaction Fechner's law, Weber-Fechner law(psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity; based on early work by E. H. Weber Fermi-Dirac statistics(physics) law obeyed by a systems of particles whose wave function changes when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle applies) Charles's law, Gay-Lussac's law, law of volumes(physics) the density of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies inversely with the temperature Henry's law(chemistry) law formulated by the English chemist William Henry; the amount of a gas that will be absorbed by water increases as the gas pressure increases Hooke's law(physics) the principle that (within the elastic limit) the stress applied to a solid is proportional to the strain produced Hubble law, Hubble's law(astronomy) the generalization that the speed of recession of distant galaxies (the red shift) is proportional to their distance from the observer Kepler's law, Kepler's law of planetary motion(astronomy) one of three empirical laws of planetary motion stated by Johannes Kepler Kirchhoff's laws(physics) two laws governing electric networks in which steady currents flow: the sum of all the currents at a point is zero and the sum of the voltage gains and drops around any closed circuit is zero law of averagesa law affirming that in the long run probabilities will determine performance law of constant proportion, law of definite proportions(chemistry) law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight law of diminishing returnsa law affirming that to continue after a certain level of performance has been reached will result in a decline in effectiveness law of effect(psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences; behavior having good consequences tends to be repeated whereas behavior that leads to bad consequences is not repeated law of equivalent proportions, law of reciprocal proportions(chemistry) law stating that the proportions in which two elements separately combine with a third element are also the proportions in which they combine together Newton's law of gravitation, law of gravitation(physics) the law that states any two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them Dalton's law, law of multiple proportions(chemistry) law stating that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound the amounts of one of them that combines with a fixed amount of the other will exhibit a simple multiple relation law of mass action(chemistry) the law that states the following principle: the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the molecular concentrations of the reacting substances law of thermodynamics(physics) a law governing the relations between states of energy in a closed system Mendel's law(genetics) one of two principles of heredity formulated by Gregor Mendel on the basis of his experiments with plants; the principles were limited and modified by subsequent genetic research Newton's law, Newton's law of motion, law of motionone of three basic laws of classical mechanics Ohm's lawelectric current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance; I = E/R Pascal's law, Pascal's law of fluid pressurespressure applied anywhere to a body of fluid causes a force to be transmitted equally in all directions; the force acts at right angles to any surface in contact with the fluid Pauli exclusion principle, exclusion principleno two electrons or protons or neutrons in a given system can be in states characterized by the same set of quantum numbers Mendeleev's law, periodic law(chemistry) the principle that chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers Planck's law(physics) the basis of quantum theory; the energy of electromagnetic waves is contained in indivisible quanta that have to be radiated or absorbed as a whole; the magnitude is proportional to frequency where the constant of proportionality is given by Planck's constant Planck's radiation law(physics) an equation that expresses the distribution of energy in the radiated spectrum of an ideal black body principle of relativity(physics) a universal law that states that the laws of mechanics are not affected by a uniform rectilinear motion of the system of coordinates to which they are referred Stevens' law, Stevens' power law, power law(psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to a power of the stimulus intensity Weber's law(psychophysics) the concept that a just-noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus Boltzmann distribution law, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law(physics) a law expressing the distribution of energy among the molecules of a gas in thermal equilibrium Gestalt law of organization, Gestalt principle of organizationa principle of Gestalt psychology that identifies factors leading to particular forms of perceptual organization Kepler's first lawa law stating that the orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus of the ellipse Kepler's second law, law of areas, law of equal areasa law concerning the speed at which planets travel; a line connecting a planet to the sun will sweep out equal areas in equal times Kepler's third law, harmonic lawa law stating that the ratio of the square of the revolutionary period (in years) to the cube of the orbital axis (in astronomical units) is the same for all planets second law of thermodynamicsa law stating that mechanical work can be derived from a body only when that body interacts with another at a lower temperature; any spontaneous process results in an increase of entropy third law of thermodynamicslaw stating that the entropy of a substance approaches zero as its temperature approaches absolute zero zeroth law of thermodynamicsthe law that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body then the first two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with each other Le Chatelier principle, Le Chatelier's law, Le Chatelier's principle, Le Chatelier-Braun principlethe principle that if any change is imposed on a system that is in equilibrium then the system tends to adjust to a new equilibrium counteracting the change Gresham's Law(economics) the principle that when two kinds of money having the same denominational value are in circulation the intrinsically more valuable money will be hoarded and the money of lower intrinsic value will circulate more freely until the intrinsically more valuable money is driven out of circulation; bad money drives out good; credited to Sir Thomas Gresham law of segregationmembers of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair law of independent assortmenteach member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random mass-energy equivalence(physics) the principle that a measured quantity of mass is equivalent (according to relativity theory) to a measured quantity of energy Naegele's rulerule for calculating an expected delivery date; subtract three months from the first day of the last menstrual period and add seven days to that date Newton's first law, Newton's first law of motion, first law of motiona body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force Newton's second law, Newton's second law of motion, second law of motionthe rate of change of momentum is proportional to the imposed force and goes in the direction of the force Newton's third law, Newton's third law of motion, law of action and reaction, third law of motionaction and reaction are equal and opposite Occam's Razor, Ockham's Razor, law of parsimony, principle of parsimonythe principle that entities should not be multiplied needlessly; the simplest of two competing theories is to be preferred principle of equivalence(physics) the principle that an observer has no way of distinguishing whether his laboratory is in a uniform gravitational field or is in an accelerated frame of reference principle of liquid displacement(hydrostatics) the volume of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the volume of the displaced fluid Huygens' principle of superposition, principle of superpositionthe displacement of any point due to the superposition of wave systems is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that point principle of superposition, superposition, superposition principle(geology) the principle that in a series of stratified sedimentary rocks the lowest stratum is the oldest mass action, mass-action principle(neurology) the principle that the cortex of the brain operates as a coordinated system with large masses of neural tissue involved in all complex functioning localisation, localisation of function, localisation principle, localization, localization of function, localization principle(physiology) the principle that specific functions have relatively circumscribed locations in some particular part or organ of the body conservation of energy, first law of thermodynamics, law of conservation of energythe fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes concept, conception, construct an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances 5n the learned profession that is mastered by graduate study in a law school and that is responsible for the judicial system he studied law at Yale Syn|Hyper practice of law learned profession one of the three professions traditionally believed to require advanced learning and high principles 6n the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do Syn|Hypo|Hyper jurisprudence, legal philosophy contract law that branch of jurisprudence that studies the rights and obligations of parties entering into contracts corporation lawthat branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing corporations matrimonial lawthat branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing matrimony patent lawthat branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing patents philosophy the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics 7n the force of policemen and officers the law came looking for him Syn|Hypo|Hyper constabulary, police, police force European Law Enforcement Organisation, Europol police organization for the European Union; aims to improve effectiveness and cooperation among European police forces gendarmerie, gendarmeryFrench police force; a group of gendarmes or gendarmes collectively Mutawa, Mutawa'eenreligious police in Saudi Arabia whose duty is to ensure strict adherence to established codes of conduct; offenders may be detained indefinitely; foreigners are not excluded Mounties, RCMP, Royal Canadian Mounted Policethe federal police force of Canada New Scotland Yard, Scotland Yardthe detective department of the metropolitan police force of London secret policea police force that operates in secrecy (usually against persons suspected of treason or sedition) SS, Schutzstaffelspecial police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925; the SS administered the concentration camps posse, posse comitatusa temporary police force Gestapothe secret state police in Nazi Germany; known for its terrorist methods force, personnel group of people willing to obey orders law enforcement agencyan agency responsible for insuring obedience to the laws |
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